Implications of Blending Pulse and Wheat Flours on Rheology and Quality Characteristics of Baked Goods: A Review

Abstract

Bread is one of the most widely consumed foods in all regions of the world. Wheat flour being its principal ingredient is a cereal crop low in protein. The protein content of a whole grain of wheat is about 12-15% and is deficit in some essential amino acids, for example, lysine. Conversely, the protein and fibre contents of legume crops are between 20 and 35% and 15 and 35%, respectively, depending on the type and cultivar of the legume. The importance of protein-rich diets for the growth and development of body organs and tissues as well as the overall functionality of the body is significant. Thus, in the last two decades, there has been a greater interest in the studies on the utilization of legumes in bread production and how the incorporation impacts the quality characteristics of the bread and the breadmaking process. The addition of plant-based protein flours has been shown to produce an improved quality characteristic, especially the nutritional quality aspect of bread. The objective of this review is to synthesize and critically investigate the body of research on the impact of adding legume flours on the rheological attributes of dough and the quality and baking characteristics of bread.

Keywords: baking characteristics; composite flour; food quality; protein substitution; quality characteristics.

Figure 1

Diagram of a whole wheat grain revealing main structures in (A) Longitudinal and (B) Transverse sections, identifiable in the Magnetic Resonance Micro-Imaging images [20]; Open access.

Figure 2

The composition and classification of wheat proteins modified from [25]; Open access.