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. 2023 Jan 7;3(1):e12123.
doi: 10.1002/jcv2.12123. eCollection 2023 Mar.

Executive function profiles of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review

Marina Christoforou  1 , Emily J H Jones  2 , Philippa White  3 , Tony Charman  1
Affiliations

Executive function profiles of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review

Marina Christoforou et al. JCPP Adv. .

Abstract

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are both associated with differences in Executive Functioning (EF). There is lack of clarity around the specificity or overlap of EF differences in early childhood when both disorders are first emerging.

Method: This systematic review aims to delineate preschool EF profiles by examining studies comparing the EF profiles of children with and without ASD or ADHD. Five electronic databases were systematically searched (last search in May 2022) to identify published, quantitative studies of global and specific EF (Inhibition, Shifting, Working Memory (WM), Planning and Attentional Control), comparing children aged 2-6 with a diagnosis of ASD or ADHD to peers without ASD or ADHD.

Results: Thirty-one empirical studies (10 ADHD and 21 ASD studies) met criteria for inclusion. EF profiles in preschool ASD were characterised by consistent Shifting, and, in most cases, Inhibition impairments. ADHD studies consistently reported impairments in Inhibition and Planning, and in most cases WM. Findings with regards to sustained Attention and Shifting in ADHD and WM and Planning in ASD were mixed.

Conclusions: Overall, current evidence indicates overlap but also some specificity in EF impairments in preschool ASD and ADHD. There were differences in the degree to which individual domains were impaired, with Shifting more consistently impaired in ASD, and Inhibition, WM and Planning in ADHD. Methodological issues and differences in methods of outcome measurement could potentially underlie mixed findings, as informant-based measures revealed more robust EF impairments than laboratory-based tasks.

Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autism; executive function; preschool.

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Conflict of interest statement

Emily J. H. Jones is a Joint Editor for JCPP Advances. Tony Charman has served as a paid consultant to F. Hoffmann‐La Roche Ltd. and Servier; and has received royalties from Sage Publications and Guilford Publications. The remaining authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest.

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