Molecular Profile and the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials Drugs Against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Diagnostic Approaches of Otitis Infection

Abstract

Background: Otitis externa and otitis media are two types of ear infections that affect people of all ages, although they are more common in newborns and young children. Antibiotic usage, healthcare, and advanced age all play a role in the development of this illness.

Methods: Fifty-eight patients with various kinds of infections of the ears were voluntary patients attending the outpatient clinics of the Prince Mutaib Bin Abdulaziz Hospital in Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia, examined to evaluate the role of bacteria and the likely significance of plasmids in their antibiotic resistance as ear infectious agents.

Results: Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most prevalent bacteria found in ear infections. The greatest number of major bacterial isolates were S. aureus (54%), followed by P. aeruginosa (13%), whereas a smaller number of isolates (3%) were from Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, and Proteus vulgaris, respectively. Mixed growth was noted in 3.4% of instances. The isolation rate for Gram-positive organisms was 72%, while the rate for Gram-negative species was 28%. All the isolates had DNA greater than 14 kilobases. Hind III analysis of the plasmid DNA extracted from the resistant strains of ear infection demonstrated that antibiotic-resistance plasmids were extensively dispersed. Exotoxin A PCR amplification indicated 396 pb PCR-positive DNA for all identified samples, with the exception of three strains for which no band was observed. Patients in the epidemiological study ranged in number, but all were linked together for the purposes of the study because of their shared epidemiological characteristics.

Conclusion: Vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, rifampin, and daptomycin are all antibiotics that have been shown to be effective against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Microbiological pattern evaluation and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the microorganisms providing empirical antibiotics are becoming increasingly crucial to minimize issues and the development of antibiotic-resistant strains.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Saudi Arabia; Staphylococcus aureus; antibiotic resistance; bacterial ear infections; exotoxin A; otitis externa; otitis media; plasmid.

Figure 1

Frequency distribution of different bacterial isolates from ear infection.

Figure 2

Electrophoresis agarose gel of plasmids digested by HindIII endonucleases. There are a variety of DNA differences can be seen in the digestion products of plasmids from various ear infection isolates in lanes 1–10 (from 100–100 bp). More genetic variety may be seen in all of the bands.

Figure 3

Representing positive pattern to Exotoxin A (EXTA) Lane M: DNA (ladder) marker (100b). These result showed a 396-bp PCR- Positive DNA for the samples in lanes 2, 3.4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19 and negative in lanes 5, 9 and 16 that mean the P. aeruginosa have no Exotoxin A as virulence factors in those three isolates.