Recent advances in small molecules for improving mitochondrial disorders

Abstract

Mitochondrial disorders are observed in various human diseases, including rare genetic disorders and complex acquired pathologies. Recent advances in molecular biological techniques have dramatically expanded the understanding of multiple pathomechanisms involving mitochondrial disorders. However, the therapeutic methods for mitochondrial disorders are limited. For this reason, there is increasing interest in identifying safe and effective strategies to mitigate mitochondrial impairments. Small-molecule therapies hold promise for improving mitochondrial performance. This review focuses on the latest advances in developing bioactive compounds for treating mitochondrial disease, aiming to provide a broader perspective of fundamental studies that have been carried out to evaluate the effects of small molecules in regulating mitochondrial function. Novel-designed small molecules ameliorating mitochondrial functions are urgent for further research.

Fig. 1. The mitochondrial respiratory chain includes complexes I–IV and complex V, an ATP synthase.

Fig. 2. Chemical structures of compounds 1–5.

Fig. 3. Chemical structures of 6–9.

Fig. 4. Chemical structures of 10–15.

Fig. 5. Chemical structures of 16–20.

Fig. 6. Chemical structures of 21–25.

Fig. 7. Chemical structures of 26 and 27.

Fig. 8. Chemical structures of 28 and 29.

Fig. 9. Chemical structure of 30.

Fig. 10. Chemical structures of 31–33.

Liying Meng

Guanzhao Wu