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. 2023 Jun 27:11:1186351.
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1186351. eCollection 2023.

Assessment of different manufacturing techniques for the production of bioartificial scaffolds as soft organ transplant substitutes

Silvia Pisani  1 , Valeria Mauri  2 , Erika Negrello  2 , Simone Mauramati  1 , Gianluca Alaimo  3 , Ferdinando Auricchio  3 , Marco Benazzo  1   4 , Rossella Dorati  5 , Ida Genta  5 , Bice Conti  5 , Virginia Valeria Ferretti  6 , Annalisa De Silvestri  6 , Andrea Pietrabissa  2   7 , Stefania Marconi  3   8
Affiliations

Assessment of different manufacturing techniques for the production of bioartificial scaffolds as soft organ transplant substitutes

Silvia Pisani et al. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. .

Abstract

Introduction: The problem of organs' shortage for transplantation is widely known: different manufacturing techniques such as Solvent casting, Electrospinning and 3D Printing were considered to produce bioartificial scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes and possible transplantation substitutes. The advantages of manufacturing techniques' combination to develop hybrid scaffolds with increased performing properties was also evaluated. Methods: Scaffolds were produced using poly-L-lactide-co-caprolactone (PLA-PCL) copolymer and characterized for their morphological, biological, and mechanical features. Results: Hybrid scaffolds showed the best properties in terms of viability (>100%) and cell adhesion. Furthermore, their mechanical properties were found to be comparable with the reference values for soft tissues (range 1-10 MPa). Discussion: The created hybrid scaffolds pave the way for the future development of more complex systems capable of supporting, from a morphological, mechanical, and biological standpoint, the physiological needs of the tissues/organs to be transplanted.

Keywords: 3D printing; bioartificial scaffolds; electrospinning; organ transplant; soft tissue regeneration; tissue engineering; transplantology.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of (A) SC; (B) ES; (C) 3DP 20% infill; (D) 3DP 50% infill; (E) 3DP 100% infill; (F) HS 20% infill; (G) HS 50% infill; and (H) HS 100% infill PLA-PCL 70:30 scaffolds.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Results of GPC analysis reporting mean with 95%CI of molecular weight and molecular number performed on PLA-PCL 70:30 powder, wire, and scaffolds obtained by SC, ES, and 3DP.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Different frames of uniaxial tensile test performed on HS scaffolds (20% infill).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Mechanical characterization: stress-strain curves and slope resulting from the mechanical characterization of SC, ES, 3DP, and HS scaffolds.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Results of cell viability test performed with HNDF (Human normal dermal fibroblast) 48 h after sowing on SC, ES, 3DP, and HS scaffolds. Mean with 95%CI are shown.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
DAPI staining of HNDF 48 h after sowing on (A) SC; (B) ES; (C) 3DP 20% infill; (D) 3DP 50%; (E) 3DP 100% infill; (F) HS 20% infill; (G) HS 50% infill; and (H) HS 100% infill scaffolds.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
(A) Number of DAPI-stained cell nuclei for the region of interest (ROI); (B) Example of DAPI nucleus counting on HS 100% infill scaffolds.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
SEM of HNDF 48 h after sowing on (A) SC; (B) ES; (C) 3DP 20% infill; (D) 3DP 50% infill; (E) 3DP 100% infill; (F) HS 20% infill; (G) HS 50% infill; and (H) HS 100% infill scaffolds.
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