The application of nanomedicine in clinical settings

Abstract

As nanotechnology develops in the fields of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, information and communication, and medical care, it has shown great promises. In recent years, medical nanorobots have made significant progress in terms of the selection of materials, fabrication methods, driving force sources, and clinical applications, such as nanomedicine. It involves bypassing biological tissues and delivering drugs directly to lesions and target cells using nanorobots, thus increasing concentration. It has also proved useful for monitoring disease progression, complementary diagnosis, and minimally invasive surgery. Also, we examine the development of nanomedicine and its applications in medicine, focusing on the use of nanomedicine in the treatment of various major diseases, including how they are generalized and how they are modified. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary and discussion of current research for the future development in nanomedicine.

Keywords: cross-disciplinary; drug delivery; micro-/nanorobots; nanomedicine; nanotechnology.

FIGURE 1

(A) Co-delivery of DOX and SOR by iRGD-modified lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (Zhang J. et al., 2016). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2016, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine; (B) Schematic of preparation of Gal-DOX/siRNA-L (Oh et al., 2016). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2016, Nanomaterials; (C) Schematic illustration of formation of HA @ PDC-DOX₂ (Wang J. et al., 2020). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2020, Materials Science and Engineering: (C)

FIGURE 2

(A) Schematic diagram of the structure of the nanomedicine (AS1411-T-5-FU) (Zhan et al., 2019). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2019, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces; (B) Estimated atomic % of detected surface elements (Howard et al., 2022). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2022, Small.

FIGURE 3

(A) Schematic illustration of the preparation for TMZ-FaPec@siRNa micelle and the release of TMZ and siRNa inside cancer cells (Peng et al., 2018). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2018, International Journal of Nanomedicine; (B) Preparation process of the nanomedicine (Au/FeMOF@CPT NPs) (Ding et al., 2020). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2020, Advanced Science (C) Schematic diagram of the preparation of platelet membrane-coated docetaxel (DTX)-loaded poly (lactic co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (PM/PLGA/DTX) (Chi et al., 2019). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2019, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

FIGURE 4

(A) Schematic illustration of formation of chitosan-oleic-adipose homing peptide (AHP) micelles complexed with DNA (Banerjee et al., 2020). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2020, International Journal of Pharmaceutics; (B) Activation of intestinal L-cell GLP-1 secretion by lipid nanoparticles (Beloqui et al., 2016). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2016, Molecular Pharmacology; (C) Diagram of the functional role of nanofiber-reinforced hydrogel (NFRH) (Qiu et al., 2021). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science.

FIGURE 5

(A) Main components of the tP-NP-rtPA/ZL006e (Xu et al., 2019). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2019, ACS Nano; (B) Schematic illustration of formation of sEV biogenesis (Loch-Neckel et al., 2022). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2022, Front. Pharmacol.

FIGURE 6

(A) Schematic illustration of formation of nanocomposite fabrication (Salahandish et al., 2018). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2018, Biosensors and Bioelectronics; (B) cobalt-nickel (CoNi) microtube steered along a vein in a porcine eye (Chatzipirpiridis et al., 2015). Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2015, Advanced Healthcare Materials.