Racial/Ethnic Patterns in Opioid Dispensing among Medicaid-Funded Young Children

Abstract

Racial differences in opioid dispensing for diseases of the respiratory system (RESP) and injury (INJURY) outpatient visits among patients ≤ 3 years old were examined. Outpatient claims data of South Carolina Medicaid children were analyzed over three three-year periods. The variable of interest was the triennial rate of dispensed opioid prescriptions per 1000 visits for RESP and INJURY diagnoses across racial/ethnic groups. Overall, dispensed opioid prescription rates related to RESP declined for all racial/ethnic categories. White children had the highest dispensing rate for RESP indications in the first period (5.6), followed by Black (4.5), and Hispanic (4.1). The likelihood of White children being prescribed opioids was higher than Blacks, and this was persistent over the studied time (rate ratios from 1.24 to 1.22, respectively). Overall opioid dispensing rates related to injury declined during the studied time. Hispanics had the highest dispensing rate for INJURY (20.1 to 14.8 to 16.1, respectively) followed by White (16.1 to 13.1 to 10.4, respectively). Relative differences in the dispensing rates across groups increased over time (Hispanics vs. White: rate ratios from 1.25 to 1.55, Hispanics vs. Black: from 1.52 to 2.24, and White vs. Black: from 1.24 to 1.44, respectively). There are considerable differences in the dispensing rates across racial/ethnic groups, especially in injury-related prescribing.

Keywords: Medicaid; diseases of the respiratory system; injury; prescription opioids; race/ethnicity.

Figure 1

Inclusion and exclusion chart for identifying outpatient visits between the years 2009–2017 of 1–36 month old patients with respiratory system or injury diagnoses and related opioid dispensing.

Figure 2

Patterns in opioid dispensing across racial/ethnic groups among South Carolina Medicaid outpatient visits from 1–36 month old patients related to respiratory system (RESP) diagnoses.

Figure 3

Patterns in opioid dispensing across race/ethnic groups among South Carolina Medicaid outpatient visits from 1–36 months old patients related to injury diagnoses.