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Review
. 2023 Jun 27;12(13):4318.
doi: 10.3390/jcm12134318.

Modifiable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Risk Factors

Natalia Michalak  1 , Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko  1
Affiliations
Review

Modifiable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Risk Factors

Natalia Michalak et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

This study aims to summarize the modifiable risk factors for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) that have been known for a long time, as well as information from the most recent reports. As a cancer with a late diagnosis and poor prognosis, accurate analysis of PDAC risk factors is warranted. The incidence of this cancer continues to rise, and the five-year survival rate is the lowest with respect to other tumors. The influence of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and chronic pancreatitis in increasing the risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is continually being confirmed. There are also newly emerging reports relating to the impact of lifestyle, including physical activity, the gut and oral microbiome, and hepatotropic viruses. A precise understanding of PDAC risk factors can help to identify groups of high-risk patients, and this may contribute to population awareness and education as well as earlier diagnoses with possible better treatment outcomes.

Keywords: PDAC; pancreatic cancer; pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; risk factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A summary of all the factors discussed in this study that have a positive or negative impact on the risk of PDAC development.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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