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Review
. 2023 Jun 26;24(13):10654.
doi: 10.3390/ijms241310654.

Advances on the Study of Diurnal Flower-Opening Times of Rice

Mumei Wang  1 , Minghao Chen  1 , Zhen Huang  1 , Hai Zhou  1   2 , Zhenlan Liu  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Advances on the Study of Diurnal Flower-Opening Times of Rice

Mumei Wang et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

The principal goal of rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding is to increase the yield. In the past, hybrid rice was mainly indica intra-subspecies hybrids, but its yield has been difficult to improve. The hybridization between the indica and japonica subspecies has stronger heterosis; the utilization of inter-subspecies heterosis is important for long-term improvement of rice yields. However, the different diurnal flower-opening times (DFOTs) between the indica and japonica subspecies seriously reduce the efficiency of cross-pollination and yield and increase the cost of indica-japonica hybrid rice seeds, which has become one of the main constraints for the development of indica-japonica hybrid rice breeding. The DFOT of plants is adapted to their growing environment and is also closely related to species stability and evolution. Herein, we review the structure and physiological basis of rice flower opening, the factors that affect DFOT, and the progress of cloning and characterization of DFOT genes in rice. We also analyze the problems in the study of DFOT and provide corresponding suggestions.

Keywords: DFOT; cell wall; indica–japonica hybrid breeding; rice; temperature.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The spikelet structure in rice. The morphological anatomy (a) and the cross-section (b) of the spikelet in rice. The red arrows point to the interlocking grooves. Bars: 1 mm.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The dynamic process of flower opening and lodicule size in the cross-section of rice spikelet. Unopened flower (a), opening flower (b), and opened flower (c).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Temporal and spatial dynamical changes of calcium ions in lodicule epidermal cells during rice flower opening and closing processes. The day before flower opening (a), four hours before flower opening (b), during flower opening (c), one hour after flower opening (d), and six hours after flower opening (e).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The regulatory mechanism of rice flower opening. The red arrows point to lodicules.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The chromosome location of the identified QTL loci or cloned gene controlling rice DFOT. Red text denotes the putative regions of QTL and the mapped QTL names.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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