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. 2023 Jun 27;28(13):5026.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28135026.

Quantifying and Reducing Ion Migration in Metal Halide Perovskites through Control of Mobile Ions

Saivineeth Penukula  1 , Rodrigo Estrada Torrejon  1 , Nicholas Rolston  1
Affiliations

Quantifying and Reducing Ion Migration in Metal Halide Perovskites through Control of Mobile Ions

Saivineeth Penukula et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The presence of intrinsic ion migration in metal halide perovskites (MHPs) is one of the main reasons that perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are not stable under operation. In this work, we quantify the ion migration of PSCs and MHP thin films in terms of mobile ion concentration (No) and ionic mobility (µ) and demonstrate that No has a larger impact on device stability. We study the effect of small alkali metal A-site cation additives (e.g., Na+, K+, and Rb+) on ion migration. We show that the influence of moisture and cation additive on No is less significant than the choice of top electrode in PSCs. We also show that No in PSCs remains constant with an increase in temperature but μ increases with temperature because the activation energy is lower than that of ion formation. This work gives design principles regarding the importance of passivation and the effects of operational conditions on ion migration.

Keywords: activation energy; defects; degradation; impedance spectroscopy; ionic mobility; mobile ion concentration; perovskite solar cells; stability; transient current; vacancies.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) No of triple halide PSCs in comparison with MAPbI3 PSCs, (b) σ and μ of triple-halide PSCs and MAPbI3 PSCs, (c) No of triple-halide PSCs with increasing temperature, (d) σ of triple-halide PSCs with increasing temperature, (e) μ of triple-halide PSCs with increasing temperature, (f) variation in σ with exposure to light vs. in the dark.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Optical microscope images of MHP thin films for control (MAPbI3) and with molar additives (5% KI, 5% NaI, 5% RbI) showing morphology changes in terms of needle-like structures and clustering in MHPs with additives. (a) Control, (b) 5% KI, (c) 5% NaI, (d) 5% Rb© (e) No of MHPs, (f) X-ray diffraction spectrum of the MHP thin films for control (MAPbI3) and with molar additives (5% KI, 5% NaI, 5% RbI).
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a–d) Morphology of PSC with additives observed under microscope, (e–h) morphology of PSC exposed to moisture, observed under microscope. (a) Control, (b) 5% KI, (c) 5% NaI, (d) 5%©I, (e) control, (f) 5% KI, (g) 5% NaI, (h) 5% RbI, (i) no. of PSCs with additives (j), no. of PSCs exposed to moisture, (k) no. of PSCs with Ag vs. C as top electrode, (l) device power vs. no. of all PSCs.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Schematic of transient current measurements in the dark to obtain the ionic charge and No; (b) setup of the equipment showing PAIOS and LINKAM stage (inset of the image) for the ionic measurements and temperature control, respectively; (c) variation in the transient drift current subject to the changes in the applied bias (Vapp) from 0.1 V to 1.0 V.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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