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. 2023 Jul 5;28(13):5212.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28135212.

Uniformly Dispersed Sb-Nanodot Constructed by In Situ Confined Polymerization of Ionic Liquids for High-Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries

Cunliang Zhang  1 , Zhengyuan Chen  2 , Haojie Zhang  1 , Yanmei Liu  3 , Wei Wei  1 , Yanli Zhou  1 , Maotian Xu  1
Affiliations

Uniformly Dispersed Sb-Nanodot Constructed by In Situ Confined Polymerization of Ionic Liquids for High-Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries

Cunliang Zhang et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Antimony (Sb) is a potential candidate anode for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) owing to its high theoretical capacity. However; in the process of potassium alloying reaction; the huge volume expansion (about 407%) leads to pulverization of active substance as well as loss of electrical contact resulting in rapidly declining capacity. Herein; uniformly dispersed Sb-Nanodot in carbon frameworks (Sb-ND@C) were constructed by in situ confined polymerization of ionic liquids. Attributed to the uniformly dispersed Sb-ND and confinement effect of carbon frameworks; as anode for PIBs; Sb-ND@C delivered a superior rate capability (320.1 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1) and an outstanding cycling stability (486 mA h g-1 after 1000 cycles; achieving 89.8% capacity retention). This work offers a facile route to prepare highly dispersed metal-Nanodot via the in situ polymerization of ionic liquid for high-performance metal-ion batteries.

Keywords: Sb; anode; ionic liquids; nanodot; potassium-ion batteries.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Graphical description of the method of dispersing Sb ions in solid carriers.
Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of Sb-ND@C from the in situ confined polymerization of ILs-SbCl3 mixed solution; (b) TEM image (inset: particle size distribution of Sb nanodot); (c) HRTEM image (inset: SAED of Sb-ND); (d) XRD pattern and (e) SEM image and EDX mapping of Sb-ND@C.
Figure 2
Figure 2
XPS survey (a) (inset: N 1s); C 1s (b); P 2p (c) and Sb 3d (d) spectra of Sb-ND@C.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) FT-IR spectra; (b) Raman spectra; (c) TG curves of Sb-ND@C in an oxygen atmosphere, and (d) nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms of Sb-ND@C (inset: The corresponding pore size distribution plots.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Electrochemical performance of the Sb-ND@C electrode. (a) CV curves at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s−1 for the first 5 cycles; (b) Galvanostatic discharge–charge profiles for selected cycles at the current rate of 100 mA g−1; (c) Rate performance at various current density from 0.05 to 5 A g−1 and (d) Cycle performance at 500 mA g−1.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic illustrations of morphology evolution of the potassiumation/depotassiumation processes of Sb-ND@C.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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