Hemostasis Strategies and Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Hemostasis

Abstract

The development of materials that effectively stop bleeding and prevent wound adhesion is essential in both military and medical fields. However, traditional hemostasis methods, such as cautery, tourniquets, and gauze, have limitations. In recent years, new nanomaterials have gained popularity in medical and health fields due to their unique microstructural advantages. Compared to traditional materials, nanomaterials offer better adhesion, versatility, and improved bioavailability of traditional medicines. Nanomaterials also possess advantages such as a high degree and stability, self-degradation, fewer side effects, and improved wound healing, which make them ideal for the development of new hemostatic materials. Our review provides an overview of the currently used hemostatic strategies and materials, followed by a review of the cutting-edge nanomaterials for hemostasis, including nanoparticles and nanocomposite hydrogels. The paper also briefly describes the challenges faced by the application of nanomaterials for hemostasis and the prospects for their future development.

Keywords: effective hemostasis; hemostasis strategies; nanomaterials; nanotechnology; wound healing.

Figure 1

Schematic of the complex mechanism of blood vessel hemostasis.

Figure 2

Hemostatic mechanisms of bioactive glass composite particles [45]. Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Figure 3

(A) Schematic diagram of preparation of the PHBV−GO/MXene composite membranes. FT−IR and Raman spectra of (B) GO and (C) MXene. SEM images of (D) GO and (E) MXene. TEM analysis of (F) GO and (J) MXene. Distribution of elements: (G) C for GO, (H) O for GO, (K) C for MXene, (L) O for MXene, and (M) Ti for MXene. The element composition of (I) GO and (N) MXene. (O) XPS spectra of GO and MXene. C1s XPS spectra of (P) GO and (Q) MXene [49]. Copyright © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Figure 4

The preparation and hemostatic mechanism of procoagulant liposome [56]. Copyright © American Chemical Society.

Figure 5

In vivo animal experiment on hemostasis by nanofibers. (a) The plaster-like gauzes were patched onto incisions on rat back; the control cotton gauze got wet quickly, while the CNF gauze prevented blood loss. (b) Peeling the gauze at 3 min to measure the blood loss; the CNF gauze helped form a gel-like clot, which properly sealed the wound; under the control gauze, an open wound was observed. (c) Peeling the gauze at about 2 h to measure the peeling force; the CNF gauze could be easily peeled off and gently stretching the wound did not cause wound tearing or bleeding); in contrast, peeling the normal gauze caused wound tearing and bleeding. (d) The CNF gauze minimized blood loss (n = 6). (e) Peeling force for the CNF gauze was significantly smaller than that for the normal gauze (n = 5). (f) SEM images of the area in contact with blood on the CNF gauze in c; CNF residuals after clot detachment were observed on cotton fibers. (g) SEM images of the area not in contact with blood on the CNF gauze in c, where cotton fibers were densely coated with CNFs. (h) SEM images of the peeled normal gauze in c, showing a clot-gauze-hair concrete, with rat skin hairs imbedded in clot; a hair root is shown in the inset, implying that skin hairs that were stuck in the clot were pulled out from skin during gauze peeling. (i) Schematic of the hemostatic CNF gauze/plaster for wound treatment. Data in d and e are shown as mean ± SD, the error bar represents SD, and individual data points in (d,e) are represented by * [29]. Copyright © 2019 Li, Milionis, Zheng, Yee, Codispoti, Tan, Poulikakos and Yap.

Figure 6

Synthetic collagen membranes consisting of Self-assembly collagen mimetic peptides are used for hemostasis [34]. Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society.

Figure 7

The preparation and characterization of Au@HNTs-Chitin composite hydrogel [69]. Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.