Aging Population, Balanced Diet and China's Grain Demand

Abstract

The need to make more accurate grain demand (GD) forecasting has become a major topic in the current international grain security discussion. Our research aims to improve short-term GD prediction by establishing a multi-factor model that integrates the key factors: shifts in dietary structures, population size and age structure, urbanization, food waste, and the impact of COVID-19. These factors were not considered simultaneously in previous research. To illustrate the model, we projected China's annual GDP from 2022 to 2025. We calibrated key parameters such as conversion coefficients from animal foods to feed grain, standard person consumption ratios, and population size using the latest surveys and statistical data that were either out of date or missing in previous research. Results indicate that if the change in diets continued at the rate as observed during 2013-2019 (scenario 1), China's GD is projected to be 629.35 million tons in 2022 and 658.16 million tons in 2025. However, if diets shift to align with the recommendations in the Dietary Guideline for Chinese Residents 2022 (scenario 2), GD would be lower by 5.9-11.1% annually compared to scenario 1. A reduction in feed grain accounts for 68% of this change. Furthermore, for every 1 percentage point increase in the population adopting a balanced diet, GD would fall by 0.44-0.73 million tons annually during that period. Overlooking changes in the population age structure could lead to an overprediction of annual GDP by 3.8% from 2022 to 2025. With an aging population, China's GD would fall slightly, and adopting a balanced diet would not lead to an increase in GD but would have positive impacts on human health and the environment. Our sensitivity analysis indicated that reducing food waste, particularly cereal, livestock, and poultry waste, would have significant effects on reducing GD, offsetting the higher demand due to rising urbanization and higher incomes. These results underscore the significance of simultaneous consideration of multiple factors, particularly the dietary structure and demographic composition, resulting in a more accurate prediction of GD. Our findings should be useful for policymakers concerning grain security, health, and environmental protection.

Keywords: COVID-19; aging population; dietary structure; food waste; grain demand; urbanization.

Figure 1

The proportion of China’s food consumption in the world’s food consumption by weight. Data source: FAOSTAT.

Figure 2

The annual consumption structure of grain by weight in China. Data source: FAOSTAT.

Figure 3

The dietary pattern of three age groups in China in 2017 (g/per capita per day).

Figure 4

The calculated GD, $\mathit{t}\mathit{g}{\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{t}}$, in the three scenarios (unit: million tons).

Figure 5

The dietary structure change effect ${\mathit{\theta }}^{\mathit{t}}$ and aging population effect ${\mu }^{\mathit{t}}$ on GD.

Figure 6

The contribution of the changes in feed grain ($\mathit{c}\mathit{f}{\mathit{\theta }}^{\mathit{t}})$ and staple food grain$(\mathit{c}\mathit{s}{\mathit{\theta }}^{\mathit{t}})$ to the GD difference between S1 and S2.