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Meta-Analysis
. 2023 Jul 7;15(13):3060.
doi: 10.3390/nu15133060.

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Hypertension in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Fahimeh Haghighatdoost  1 , Parisa Hajihashemi  2 , Amanda Maria de Sousa Romeiro  3 , Noushin Mohammadifard  4 , Nizal Sarrafzadegan  1   5 , Cesar de Oliveira  6 , Erika Aparecida Silveira  3
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Hypertension in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Fahimeh Haghighatdoost et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Objectives: The association between coffee intake and hypertension (HTN) risk is controversial. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at summarizing the current evidence on the association of coffee with hypertension risk in observational studies.

Methods: PubMed/Medline and Web of Science were searched for observational studies up to February 2023. Observational studies which assessed the risk of HTN in the highest category of coffee consumption in comparison with the lowest intake were included in the current meta-analysis (registration number: CRD42022371494). The pooled effect of coffee on HTN was evaluated using a random-effects model.

Results: Twenty-five studies i.e., thirteen cross-sectional studies and twelve cohorts were identified to be eligible. Combining 13 extracted effect sizes from cohort studies showed that higher coffee consumption was associated with 7% reduction in the risk of HTN (95% CI: 0.88, 0.97; I2: 22.3%), whereas combining 16 effect sizes from cross-sectional studies illustrated a greater reduction in HTN risk (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.87; I2 = 63.2%). These results varied by studies characteristics, such as the region of study, participants' sex, study quality, and sample size.

Conclusions: An inverse association was found between coffee consumption and hypertension risk in both cross-sectional and cohort studies. However, this association was dependent on studies characteristics. Further studies considering such factors are required to confirm the results of this study.

Keywords: blood pressure; coffee; hypertension; meta-analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The flowchart of study selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot of prospective cohort studies investigating the association of coffee with hypertension risk [27,30,31,32,36,37,43,44,45,46,47,50].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot of cross-sectional studies investigating the association of coffee with hypertension risk [26,28,29,33,34,35,38,39,40,41,42,48,49].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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