Elevated complement C3 and increased CD8 and type 1 helper lymphocyte T populations in patients with post-COVID-19 condition

Abstract

Background: Biological markers associated to post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) have not been clearly identified.

Methods: Eighty-two patients attending our post-COVID-19 outpatient clinic were recruited and classified as fully recovered (40.2%) or presenting with PCC (59.8%). Clinical and radiological data, laboratory markers, cytokines, and lymphocyte populations were analyzed.

Results: Median number of days after hospitalization was 78.5 [p25-p75: 60-93] days. PCC was significantly more frequent in women, in patients with a previously critical COVID-19, and in those with two or more comorbidities. No differences were found in lymphocyte counts, ferritin, C-reactive protein, D-dimer or sCD25, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-22, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokines levels. PCC patients showed significantly higher levels of complement factor C3 than fully recovered patients: median C3 128 mg/dL [p25-p75:107-135] vs 111 mg/dL [p25-p75: 100-125] (p =.005), respectively. In the flow cytometry assessment of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, PCC patients showed significantly increased CD8 populations compared to fully recovered patients: median CD8: 529 [p25-p75: 384-683] vs 370/mm³ [p25-p75:280-523], p =.007. When type 1, 2, 17/22, and 17.1 helper and follicular T lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed, the frequency of Th1 was significantly higher in PCC patients compared to fully recovered patients (30% vs 38.5%, p =.028).

Conclusion: Patients with a post-COVID-19 condition showed significantly increased immunological parameters of inflammation (complement factor C3 and CD8 and Th1 T lymphocyte populations) compared to fully recovered patients. These parameters could be used as biological markers of this condition.

Keywords: Complement factor; Cytokines; Lymphocyte populations; post-COVID-19 condition.