Desmodinosides A-E: New Flavonoid C-glycosides from Desmodium heterocarpon var. stigosum with hepatoprotective and antifungal activity

Abstract

Five new flavonoid C-glycosides named desmodinosides A-E (1-5) and one known compound, apigenin 6-C-β-d-xylopyranosyl-2''-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6) have been isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Desmodium heterocarpon var. stigosum. These compounds were determined by 1D and 2D-NMR and HR-MS spectroscopies. The methanol extract of this plant, in particular, demonstrated hepatoprotection and antifungal inhibition. This extract has a remarkable hepatoprotection and activity-dose response with an EC₅₀ of 43.07 μg/mL. The hepatoprotective effect on human liver hepatoma cells (HepG2) of the isolated flavonoid C-glycosides 1-6 was observed. Desmodinosides A-C (1-3) were found to exhibit moderate hepatoprotective activity on HepG2 cells. Of these, compound 2 showed the best hepatoprotective activity with an EC₅₀ value of 74.12 μg/mL. While compounds 1 and 3 displayed EC₅₀ values of 271.21 and 211.99 μg/mL, respectively. Quercetin, a positive control, also caused an EC₅₀ value of 36.42 μg/mL. In addition to having hepatoprotective effect, the methanol extract had an inhibitory effect on the growth of oomycete; it inhibited Phytophthora infestans with IC₅₀ of 13.3 μg/mL and IC₉₀ of 78.7 μg/mL. The oomycete inhibition was directly attributed to compounds 5 and 6, which significantly inhibited P. infestans with IC₅₀ values of 27.4 and 24.7 μg/mL, respectively. Both 5 and 6 and methanol extract were active against P. infestanse in a dose-dependent manner. Our study demonstrated for the first time the new flavonoid C-glycosides from D. heterocarpon var. stigosum and their novel pharmacological properties. The study findings also suggest the plant extract and its metabolites could be used as a new botanical source of bioactive compounds.

Keywords: Antifungal activity; Desmodium heterocarpon var. stigosum; Flavonoid C-glycoside; Hepatoprotective activity.