Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 May 7;11(7):3718-3728.
doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3398. eCollection 2023 Jul.

Bisphenol A release from food and beverage containers - A review

Elham Khalili Sadrabad  1 , Sayed Aliasghar Hashemi  2 , Azadeh Nadjarzadeh  3 , Elaheh Askari  4 , Fateme Akrami Mohajeri  5 , Fereshteh Ramroudi  4
Affiliations
Review

Bisphenol A release from food and beverage containers - A review

Elham Khalili Sadrabad et al. Food Sci Nutr. .

Abstract

Dietary exposure was introduced as the primary way Bisphenol A (BPA) enters the human body. Although significant efforts have been made to analyze BPA's presence in different foodstuffs, less attention has been given to introducing the conditions that facilitate BPA release. This review aimed to mention possible factors affecting BPA release into foods and beverages. According to the results, the critical factors in BPA release are temperature, manufacturing process, food and packaging type, pH, mineral elements, repeated use, irradiation, washing, contact time, and using detergents. It showed that using PC containers, high temperature and pH, storage under solar irradiation, alkaline detergents, water hardness, and repeated use could increase the BPA release from containers into foodstuff. During various conditions, hydrolysis of the carbonate linkage and d-spacing will increase. Considering these parameters and limiting the use of PC containers, the potential risk of BPA exposure could be eliminated.

Keywords: BPA migration; BPA release conditions; bisphenol A (BPA); foodstuff.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

There is no conflict of interest to declare.

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Adeyi, A. A. , & Babalola, B. A. (2019). Bisphenol‐A (BPA) in foods commonly consumed in Southwest Nigeria and its human health risk. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–13. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Agarwal, A. , Gandhi, S. , Tripathi, A. D. , Iammarino, M. , & Homroy, S. (2022). Analysis of bisphenol A migration from microwaveable polycarbonate cups into coffee during microwave heating. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 57, 7477–7485.
    1. Ali, M. , Jaghbir, M. , Salam, M. , Al‐Kadamany, G. , Damsees, R. , & Al‐Rawashdeh, N. (2019). Testing baby bottles for the presence of residual and migrated bisphenol A. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(1), 1–11. - PubMed
    1. Amiridou, D. , & Voutsa, D. (2011). Alkylphenols and phthalates in bottled waters. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185(1), 281–286. - PubMed
    1. Astolfi, M. L. , Castellani, F. , Avino, P. , Antonucci, A. , Canepari, S. , Protano, C. , & Vitali, M. (2021). Reusable water bottles: Release of inorganic elements, phthalates, and bisphenol A in a “real use” simulation experiment. Separations, 8(8), 126.

LinkOut - more resources