Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Jul 17;7(7):CD011159.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011159.pub3.

Mobile phone-based interventions for improving contraception use

Tanaraj Perinpanathan  1   2 , Shilpa Maiya  3 , Michelle Helena Hmmt van Velthoven  4 , Amy T Nguyen  5 , Caroline Free  6 , Chris Smith  1   2
Affiliations

Mobile phone-based interventions for improving contraception use

Tanaraj Perinpanathan et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Contraception provides significant benefits for women's and children's health, yet many women have an unmet need for contraception. Rapid expansion in the use of mobile phones in recent years has had a dramatic impact on interpersonal communication. Within the health domain text messages and smartphone applications offer means of communication between clients and healthcare providers. This review focuses on interventions delivered by mobile phone and their effect on use of contraception.

Objectives: To evaluate the benefits and harms of mobile phone-based interventions for improving contraception use.

Search methods: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was August 2022.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of mobile phone-based interventions to improve forms of contraception use amongst users or potential users of contraception.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were 1. uptake of contraception, 2. uptake of a specific method of contraception, 3. adherence to contraception method, 4. safe method switching, 5. discontinuation of contraception and 6. pregnancy or abortion. Our secondary outcomes were 7. road traffic accidents, 8. any physical or psychological effect reported and 9. violence or domestic abuse.

Main results: Twenty-three RCTs (12,793 participants) from 11 countries met our inclusion criteria. Eleven studies were conducted in high-income resource settings and 12 were in low-income settings. Thirteen studies used unidirectional text messaging-based interventions, six studies used interactive text messaging, four used voice message-based interventions and two used mobile-phone apps to improve contraception use. All studies received funding from non-commercial bodies. Mobile phone-based interventions probably increase contraception use compared to the control (odds ratio (OR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06 to 1.60; 16 studies, 8972 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There may be little or no difference in rates of unintended pregnancy with the use of mobile phone-based interventions compared to control (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.38; 8 trials, 2947 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Subgroup analysis assessing unidirectional mobile phone interventions versus interactive mobile phone interventions found evidence of a difference between the subgroups favouring interactive interventions (P = 0.003, I2 = 88.5%). Interactive interventions had an OR of 1.71 (95% CI 1.28 to 2.29; P = 0.0003, I2 = 63%; 8 trials, 3089 participants) whilst unidirectional interventions had an OR of 1.03 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.22; P = 0.72, I2 = 17%; 9 trials, 5883 participants). Subgroup analysis assessing high-income versus low-income trial settings found no difference between groups (subgroup difference test: P = 0.70, I2 = 0%). Only six trials reported on safety and unintended outcomes; one trial reported increased partner violence whilst another four trials reported no difference in physical violence rates between control and intervention groups. One trial reported no road traffic accidents with mobile phone intervention use.

Authors' conclusions: This review demonstrates there is evidence to support the use of mobile phone-based interventions in improving the use of contraception, with moderate-certainty evidence. Interactive mobile phone interventions appear more effective than unidirectional methods. The cost-effectiveness, cost benefits, safety and long-term effects of these interventions remain unknown, as does the evidence of this approach to support contraception use among specific populations. Future research should investigate the effectiveness and safety of mobile phone-based interventions with better quality trials to help establish the effects of interventions delivered by mobile phone on contraception use. This review is limited by the quality of the studies due to flaws in methodology, bias or imprecision of results.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Two review authors (CS and CF) were also study authors (Smith 2015b). When a review author was also a contributor to an included study, that review author was not involved in the risk of bias assessment and assessment of the certainty of the evidence.

TP: none.

SM: none.

MV: none.

AN: none.

CF: none.

CS: none.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram ‐ updated review
2
2
Study flow diagram ‐ original review
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Summary of findings data, Outcome 1: Contraception use
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Summary of findings data, Outcome 2: Pregnancy – Peto OR
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Contraception use: message intervention versus control, Outcome 1: Contraception use
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Contraception use: message intervention versus control, Outcome 2: Unidirectional versus interactive message interventions
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Contraception use: message intervention versus control, Outcome 3: High‐ versus low‐income countries
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pregnancy: message intervention versus control, Outcome 1: Pregnancy – Peto OR
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pregnancy: message intervention versus control, Outcome 2: Pregnancy – generic inverse variance
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Hou 2010: daily text message reminders versus no reminders, Outcome 1: Mean number of missed pills (cycle 1)
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Hou 2010: daily text message reminders versus no reminders, Outcome 2: Mean number of missed pills (cycle 3)
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Hou 2010: daily text message reminders versus no reminders, Outcome 3: Condom use for ≥ 50% of coital activity during study (self‐report)
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Hou 2010: daily text message reminders versus no reminders, Outcome 4: Emergency contraception use during study
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Hou 2010: daily text message reminders versus no reminders, Outcome 5: Pregnancy reported during study
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Trent 2013: daily text message appointment reminders 72 hours before appointment + healthy self‐management messages versus standard care, Outcome 1: Mean number of days between scheduled appointment and completed visit: first visit
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Trent 2013: daily text message appointment reminders 72 hours before appointment + healthy self‐management messages versus standard care, Outcome 2: Mean number of days between scheduled appointment and completed visit: third visit
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Tsur 2008: contraceptive information via text messages and mail at 1 and 2 months versus standard care, Outcome 1: Contraceptive use during treatment with isotretinoin
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Tsur 2008: contraceptive information via text messages and mail at 1 and 2 months versus standard care, Outcome 2: Use of 2 contraceptives
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Tsur 2008: contraceptive information via text messages and mail at 1 and 2 months versus standard care, Outcome 3: Sexually active and not using contraceptive
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Chernick 2017: daily educational and motivational texts versus standardised physical discharge solutions, Outcome 1: Attended family planning follow‐up
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Chernick 2017: daily educational and motivational texts versus standardised physical discharge solutions, Outcome 2: Contraception initiation
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Chernick 2017: daily educational and motivational texts versus standardised physical discharge solutions, Outcome 3: Contraception counselling
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Chernick 2017: daily educational and motivational texts versus standardised physical discharge solutions, Outcome 4: Became pregnant
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Bull 2016: automated interactive voice messages + teen outreach programme versus teen outreach programme, Outcome 1: Mean percentage of sex acts protected by condoms in past 3 months – sexually active
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Bull 2016: automated interactive voice messages + teen outreach programme versus teen outreach programme, Outcome 2: Mean percentage of sex acts protected by contraception in past 3 months – sexually active
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: Bull 2016: automated interactive voice messages + teen outreach programme versus teen outreach programme, Outcome 3: Access to contraceptive or sexually transmitted disease services
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8: Bull 2016: automated interactive voice messages + teen outreach programme versus teen outreach programme, Outcome 4: Ever pregnant or caused pregnancy (adjusted)
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Castano 2012: daily educational text messages versus no messages, Outcome 1: Oral contraception (OC) use (continuation) at 6 months
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Castano 2012: daily educational text messages versus no messages, Outcome 2: OC use (continuation): follow‐up ≤ 187 days
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Castano 2012: daily educational text messages versus no messages, Outcome 3: OC use (continuation): follow‐up ≥ 188 days
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Castano 2012: daily educational text messages versus no messages, Outcome 4: No OC interruptions > 7 days at 6 months
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9: Castano 2012: daily educational text messages versus no messages, Outcome 5: Missed no pills in last month
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9: Castano 2012: daily educational text messages versus no messages, Outcome 6: OC use at last intercourse
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Smith 2015: voice messages and counsellor support versus standard care, Outcome 1: Effective contraception use at 4 months
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Smith 2015: voice messages and counsellor support versus standard care, Outcome 2: Long‐acting contraception use at 4 months
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: Smith 2015: voice messages and counsellor support versus standard care, Outcome 3: Effective contraception use over 4‐month postabortion period
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10: Smith 2015: voice messages and counsellor support versus standard care, Outcome 4: Repeat pregnancy at 4 months
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10: Smith 2015: voice messages and counsellor support versus standard care, Outcome 5: Repeat abortion at 4 months
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10: Smith 2015: voice messages and counsellor support versus standard care, Outcome 6: Road traffic accident
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10: Smith 2015: voice messages and counsellor support versus standard care, Outcome 7: Domestic abuse
10.8
10.8. Analysis
Comparison 10: Smith 2015: voice messages and counsellor support versus standard care, Outcome 8: Effective contraception use at 12 months
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Reiss 2019: automated voice messages versus no messages, Outcome 1: Long‐acting reversal contraceptive (LARC) use at 4 months
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: Reiss 2019: automated voice messages versus no messages, Outcome 2: LARC use with multiple imputation (MI) at 4 months
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11: Reiss 2019: automated voice messages versus no messages, Outcome 3: Effective modern method use (any method) at 4‐month follow‐up
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11: Reiss 2019: automated voice messages versus no messages, Outcome 4: LARC use at 2‐week follow‐up
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11: Reiss 2019: automated voice messages versus no messages, Outcome 5: Physical intimidate partner violence
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: McCarthy 2018: tailored daily text messages versus messages about trial participation, Outcome 1: ≥ 1 effective method is acceptable
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: McCarthy 2018: tailored daily text messages versus messages about trial participation, Outcome 2: Use of effective contraception
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12: McCarthy 2018: tailored daily text messages versus messages about trial participation, Outcome 3: Pill acceptability
12.4
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12: McCarthy 2018: tailored daily text messages versus messages about trial participation, Outcome 4: Intrauterine device acceptability
12.5
12.5. Analysis
Comparison 12: McCarthy 2018: tailored daily text messages versus messages about trial participation, Outcome 5: Injection acceptability
12.6
12.6. Analysis
Comparison 12: McCarthy 2018: tailored daily text messages versus messages about trial participation, Outcome 6: Implant acceptability
12.7
12.7. Analysis
Comparison 12: McCarthy 2018: tailored daily text messages versus messages about trial participation, Outcome 7: Effective contraceptive use during the 4 months
12.8
12.8. Analysis
Comparison 12: McCarthy 2018: tailored daily text messages versus messages about trial participation, Outcome 8: Service uptake
12.9
12.9. Analysis
Comparison 12: McCarthy 2018: tailored daily text messages versus messages about trial participation, Outcome 9: Unintended pregnancy
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: McCarthy 2019: text messages versus control text messages about participation, Outcome 1: Using effective contraception at 4‐month follow‐up
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13: McCarthy 2019: text messages versus control text messages about participation, Outcome 2: ≥ 1 effective method is acceptable
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13: McCarthy 2019: text messages versus control text messages about participation, Outcome 3: Service uptake (attended a service ≥ 1 times)
13.4
13.4. Analysis
Comparison 13: McCarthy 2019: text messages versus control text messages about participation, Outcome 4: Unintended pregnancy
13.5
13.5. Analysis
Comparison 13: McCarthy 2019: text messages versus control text messages about participation, Outcome 5: Induced abortion
13.6
13.6. Analysis
Comparison 13: McCarthy 2019: text messages versus control text messages about participation, Outcome 6: Any effective contraception during the 4 months
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 1: Using effective contraception at 4‐month follow‐up
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 2: ≥ 1 effective method is acceptable
14.3
14.3. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 3: Service uptake (attended a service ≥ 1 times)
14.4
14.4. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 4: Unintended pregnancy
14.5
14.5. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 5: Induced abortion
14.6
14.6. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 6: Effective contraceptive use during the 4 months
14.7
14.7. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 7: Pill acceptability
14.8
14.8. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 8: Intrauterine device acceptability
14.9
14.9. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 9: Injection acceptability
14.10
14.10. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 10: Implant acceptability
14.11
14.11. Analysis
Comparison 14: McCarthy 2020: daily text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 11: Patch acceptability
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15: Biswas 2017: tailored daily and weekly text‐message reminders versus no text‐message reminders, Outcome 1: Using modern contraception at 4‐month follow‐up
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16: Wilkinson 2017: interval text reminder + education regarding emergency contraception versus no text reminder + education, Outcome 1: Emergency prescriptions filled at 16 days from enrolment
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17: Unger 2018: 1‐way weekly education and motivation text messages versus 2‐way text messages with a nurse versus routine clinic care + no text messages, Outcome 1: Probability of contraceptive use by 10 weeks' postpartum
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17: Unger 2018: 1‐way weekly education and motivation text messages versus 2‐way text messages with a nurse versus routine clinic care + no text messages, Outcome 2: Probability of contraceptive use by 16 weeks' postpartum
17.3
17.3. Analysis
Comparison 17: Unger 2018: 1‐way weekly education and motivation text messages versus 2‐way text messages with a nurse versus routine clinic care + no text messages, Outcome 3: Probability of contraception use 24 weeks' postpartum
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18: Rokicki 2017: weekly reproductive health text messages versus weekly multiple choice quiz text messages versus weekly text messages about malaria, Outcome 1: Used any contraception past year
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18: Rokicki 2017: weekly reproductive health text messages versus weekly multiple choice quiz text messages versus weekly text messages about malaria, Outcome 2: Used contraception at last intercourse
18.3
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18: Rokicki 2017: weekly reproductive health text messages versus weekly multiple choice quiz text messages versus weekly text messages about malaria, Outcome 3: Use of condom at sexual debut
18.4
18.4. Analysis
Comparison 18: Rokicki 2017: weekly reproductive health text messages versus weekly multiple choice quiz text messages versus weekly text messages about malaria, Outcome 4: Had sexual intercourse without condom in past year
18.5
18.5. Analysis
Comparison 18: Rokicki 2017: weekly reproductive health text messages versus weekly multiple choice quiz text messages versus weekly text messages about malaria, Outcome 5: Used condom in past year
18.6
18.6. Analysis
Comparison 18: Rokicki 2017: weekly reproductive health text messages versus weekly multiple choice quiz text messages versus weekly text messages about malaria, Outcome 6: Used oral contraceptive pill in past year
18.7
18.7. Analysis
Comparison 18: Rokicki 2017: weekly reproductive health text messages versus weekly multiple choice quiz text messages versus weekly text messages about malaria, Outcome 7: Used emergency contraception in past year
18.8
18.8. Analysis
Comparison 18: Rokicki 2017: weekly reproductive health text messages versus weekly multiple choice quiz text messages versus weekly text messages about malaria, Outcome 8: Pregnant (sexually active) (adjusted)
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19: Johnson 2017: full access to m4RH platform versus limited access, Outcome 1: Discussed family planning with partner in past month
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19: Johnson 2017: full access to m4RH platform versus limited access, Outcome 2: Visited clinic to discuss family planning with nurse or doctor
19.3
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19: Johnson 2017: full access to m4RH platform versus limited access, Outcome 3: Use contraception at end of study
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20: Hebert 2018: access to mobile app versus no access, Outcome 1: Use of intrauterine device (IUD) at 3‐month follow‐up
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20: Hebert 2018: access to mobile app versus no access, Outcome 2: Use of implant at 3‐month follow‐up
20.3
20.3. Analysis
Comparison 20: Hebert 2018: access to mobile app versus no access, Outcome 3: Use of any long‐acting reversal contraceptive (LARC) at 3‐month follow‐up
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 1: Any method use at 6‐week follow‐up
21.2
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 2: Highly effective contraceptive use at 6‐week follow‐up
21.3
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 3: Long‐acting reversible contraceptive (LARC)/postpartum contraception (PC) use at 6‐week follow‐up
21.4
21.4. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 4: Any method use at 14‐week follow‐up
21.5
21.5. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 5: Highly effective contraceptive use at 14‐week follow‐up
21.6
21.6. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 6: LARC/PC use at 14‐week follow‐up
21.7
21.7. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 7: Satisfied with method at 14‐week follow‐up
21.8
21.8. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 8: Any method use at 6‐month follow‐up
21.9
21.9. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 9: Highly effective contraceptive use at 6‐month follow‐up
21.10
21.10. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 10: LARC/PC use at 6‐month follow‐up
21.11
21.11. Analysis
Comparison 21: Harrington 2019: family planning focused weekly text message versus no text message, Outcome 11: Satisfied with method at 6‐month follow‐up
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22: Francis 2015: text messages versus no text messages, Outcome 1: Continued contraception at 4 months
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23: Babalola 2020: phone drama intervention versus control follow‐up calls, Outcome 1: Using modern contraceptive method
23.2
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23: Babalola 2020: phone drama intervention versus control follow‐up calls, Outcome 2: Confident discussing family planning with provider
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24: Nuwamanya 2020: mobile phone application for access to sexual and reproductive health information, goods and services versus control app, Outcome 1: Contraceptive use
24.2
24.2. Analysis
Comparison 24: Nuwamanya 2020: mobile phone application for access to sexual and reproductive health information, goods and services versus control app, Outcome 2: Use of condoms
24.3
24.3. Analysis
Comparison 24: Nuwamanya 2020: mobile phone application for access to sexual and reproductive health information, goods and services versus control app, Outcome 3: Sexually transmitted infection diagnosis and treatment
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25: Rinehart 2020: text services (t4she) versus no texts, Outcome 1: Sexual health knowledge at 6 months
25.2
25.2. Analysis
Comparison 25: Rinehart 2020: text services (t4she) versus no texts, Outcome 2: Use of long‐acting reversible contraception
25.3
25.3. Analysis
Comparison 25: Rinehart 2020: text services (t4she) versus no texts, Outcome 3: No contraception at 6 months
25.4
25.4. Analysis
Comparison 25: Rinehart 2020: text services (t4she) versus no texts, Outcome 4: Use of short‐ (SARC) or long‐acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) at 6 months amongst sexually active
25.5
25.5. Analysis
Comparison 25: Rinehart 2020: text services (t4she) versus no texts, Outcome 5: Use of SARC or LARC at 3 months
26.1
26.1. Analysis
Comparison 26: Brody 2022: mobile link information (text and voice messages) platform versus no mobile link, Outcome 1: Uses modern contraception
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Babalola 2019 {published data only}
    1. Babalola S, Loehr C, Oyenubi O, Akiode A, Mobley A. Efficacy of a digital health tool on contraceptive ideation and use in Nigeria: results of a cluster-randomized control trial. Global Health: Science and Practice 2019;7(2):273-88. [DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-19-00066] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Biswas 2017 {published data only}
    1. Biswas KK, Hossain A, Chowdhury R, Anderson K, Sultana S, Shahidullah SM, et al. Using mHealth to support postabortion contraceptive use: results from a feasibility study in urban Bangladesh. JMIR Formative Research 2017;1(1):1-9. - PMC - PubMed
Brody 2022 {published data only}
    1. Brody C, Chhoun P, Tuot S, Fehrenbacher AE, Moran A, Swendeman D, et al. A mobile intervention to link young female entertainment workers in Cambodia to health and gender-based violence services: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(1):e27696. [DOI: 10.2196/27696] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bull 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bull S, Devine S, Schmieg SJ, Pickard L, Campbell J, Shlay JC. Text messaging, teen outreach program, and sexual health behavior: a cluster randomized trial. AJPH Research 2016;106(51):117-24. - PMC - PubMed
Castano 2012 {published data only}
    1. Castano P, Bynum J, Andres R, Lara M, Westhoff C. Effect of daily text messages on oral contraceptive continuation: a randomised controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2012;119(1):14-20. [DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823d4167] - DOI - PubMed
Chernick 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chernick LS, Stockwell MS, Wu M, Castano PM, Schnall R, Westhoff CL, et al. Texting to increase contraceptive initiation among adolescents in the emergency department. Journal of Adolescent Health 2017;61(6):785-90. - PMC - PubMed
Francis 2015 {published data only}
    1. Francis JK, Malbon K, Braun-Courville D, Linares LO. Adolescent female pregnancy intentions change four months after initiating contraception –possible cause for poor contraceptive continuation rates? Journal of Adolescent Health 2015;56:71-2.
Harrington 2019 {published data only}
    1. Harrington EK, Drake AL, Matemo D, Ronen K, Osoti AO, John-Steward G, et al. An mHealth SMS intervention on postpartum contraceptive use among women and couples in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. AJPH Open-Themed Research 2019;109(6):934-41. - PMC - PubMed
Hebert 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hebert L, Hill B, Quinn M, Holl J, Whitaker A, Gilliam M. Mobile contraceptive application use in a clinical setting in addition to standard contraceptive counseling: a randomised controlled trial. Contraception 2018;98(4):281-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Hou 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hou M, Hurwitz S, Kavanagh E, Fortin J, Goldberg A. Using daily text-message reminders to improve adherence with oral contraceptives: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010;116(3):633-40. [DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181eb6b0f] - DOI - PubMed
Johnson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Johnson D, Juras R, Riley P, Chatterji M, Sloane P, Choi SK, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the impact of a family planning mHealth service on knowledge and use of contraception. Contraception 2017;95(1):90-7. - PubMed
McCarthy 2018 {published data only}
    1. McCarthy O, Ahamed I, Kulaeva F, Tokhirov R, Saibov S, Vandewiele M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone app instant messaging to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young people in Tajikistan. Reproductive Health 2018;15(1):1-14. - PMC - PubMed
McCarthy 2019a {published data only}
    1. McCarthy OL, Zghayyer H, Stavridis A, Sadada S, Ahamed I, Leurent B, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone text message to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young women in Palestine. Trials 2019;20(228):1-13. - PMC - PubMed
McCarthy 2020 {published data only}
    1. McCarthy OL, Aliaga C, Palacios ME, Gallardo JL, Huaynoca S, Leurent B, et al. An intervention delivered by mobile phone instant messaging to increase acceptability and use of effective contraception among young women in Bolivia: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22:e14073. - PMC - PubMed
Nuwamanya 2020 {published data only}
    1. Nuwamanya E, Nalwanga R, Nuwasiima A, Babigumira JU, Asiimwe FT, Babigumira JB, et al. Effectiveness of a mobile phone application to increase access to sexual and reproductive health information, goods, and services among university students in Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine 2020;5:31. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Reiss 2019 {published data only}
    1. Reiss K, Andersen K, Pearson E, Biswas K, Taleb F, Ngo T, et al. Unintended consequences of mHealth interactive voice messages promoting contraceptive use after menstrual regulation in Bangladesh: intimate partner violence results from a randomized controlled trial. Global Health: Science and Practice 2019;7(3):386-403. - PMC - PubMed
Rinehart 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rinehart DJ, Leslie S, Durfee MJ, Stowell M, Cox-Martin M, Thomas-Gale T, et al. Acceptability and efficacy of a sexual health texting intervention designed to support adolescent females. Academic Paediatrics 2020;20(4):475-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2019.09.004] - DOI - PubMed
Rokicki 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rokicki S, Cohen J, Salomon JA, Fink G. Impact of a text-messaging program on adolescent reproductive health: a cluster-randomized trial in Ghana. American Journal of Public Health 2017;107(2):298-305. - PMC - PubMed
Smith 2015b {published data only}
    1. Smith C, Ngo TD, Gold J, Edwards P, Vannas U, Ly S, et al. Effect of a mobile phone-based intervention on post-abortion contraception: a randomized controlled trial in Cambodia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2015;93(12):842-50A. - PMC - PubMed
Trent 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Trent M, Thompson C, Tomaszewski K. Family planning appointment attendance among urban youth: results from the depotext trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;52(2):100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.10.207] - DOI
Tsur 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tsur L, Kozer E, Berkovitch M. The effect of drug consultation center guidance on contraceptive use among women using isotretinoin: a randomized, controlled study. Journal of Women's Health 2008;17(4):579-84. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0623] - DOI - PubMed
Unger 2018 {published data only}
    1. Unger JA, Ronen K, Perrier TA, DeRenzi B, Slyker J, Drake AL, et al. Short message service communication improves exclusive breastfeeding and early postpartum contraception in a low- to middle-income country setting: a randomized trial. BJOG 2018;125:1620-9. - PMC - PubMed
Wilkinson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wilkinson TA, Berardi MR, Crocker EA, Nordt C, Silverstein M. Feasibility of using text message reminders to increase fulfilment of emergency contraception prescriptions by adolescents. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 2017;43(1):79-80. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Agarwal 2016 {published data only}
    1. Agarwal S, Lasway C, L'Engle K, Homan R, Layer E, Ollis S, et al. Family planning counseling in your pocket: a mobile job aid for community health workers in Tanzania. Global Health: Science and Practice 2016;4(2):300-10. - PMC - PubMed
Ampt 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ampt FH, Lim MS, Agius PA, L'Engle K, Manguro G, Gichuki C, et al. Effect of a mobile phone intervention for female sex workers on unintended pregnancy in Kenya (WHISPER or SHOUT): a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Global Health 2020;8(12):e1534-45. - PubMed
Arundhati 2018 {published data only}
    1. Arundhati C, Saavala M. mHealth solutions for family planning services. Economic and Political Weekly 2018;53(11):-.
Ashcroft 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ashcroft N, Shelus V, Garg H, McLarnon-Silk C, Jennings VH. Implementation of CycleTel family advice: an SMS-based service to provide family planning and fertility awareness information in India. Mhealth 2017;3:20. - PMC - PubMed
Atnafu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Atnafu A, Otto K, Herbst CH. The role of mHealth intervention on maternal and child health service delivery: findings from a randomized controlled field trial in rural Ethiopia. mHealth 2017;3:39. - PMC - PubMed
Avishek 2018 {published data only}
    1. Avishek H, Khan ME, Mondal SK. Mobile phone messaging to husbands to improve maternal and child health behavior in India. Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives 2018;23(6):542-9. - PubMed
Ayiasi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ayiasi RM, Muhumuza C, Bukenya J, Orach CG. The effect of prenatal counselling on postpartum family planning use among early postpartum women in Masindi and Kiryandongo districts, Uganda. Pan African Medical Journal 2015;21:138. - PMC - PubMed
Bachanas 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bachanas P, Kidder D, Medley A, Pals SL, Carpenter D, Howard A, et al. Delivering prevention interventions to people living with HIV in clinical care settings: results of a cluster randomized trial in Kenya, Namibia, and Tanzania. AIDS and Behavior 2016;20(9):2110-8. - PMC - PubMed
Bailey 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bailey JV, Webster R, Hunter R, Freemantle N, Rait G, Michie S, et al. The Men's Safer Sex (MenSS) trial: protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial of an interactive digital intervention to increase condom use in men. BMJ Open 2015;5(2):e007552. - PMC - PubMed
Bangal 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bangal V, Somasundaram KV, Thitame S. Influence of mobile communication on utilization and outcome of maternal health services in rural area. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2018;9(5):504-8.
Bannink 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bannink R, Broeren S, Joosten-van Zwanenburg E, As E, de Looij-Jansen P, Raat H. Effectiveness of a web-based tailored intervention (E-health4Uth) and consultation to promote adolescents' health: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014;16(5):e143. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3163] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Berenson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Berenson A, Rahman M. A randomized controlled study of two educational interventions on adherence with oral contraceptives and condoms. Contraception 2012;86(6):716-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.007] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Biswas 2015 {published data only}
    1. Biswas K, Nuremowla S, Reiss K, Choudhury P, Anderson K, Ngo T, et al. Designing an M-health intervention to promote post-menstrual regulation contraceptive uptake and continuation in Bangladesh. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;131(Suppl 5):E159-60.
Bracken 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bracken H, Lohr P, Taylor J, Morroni C, Winikoff B. RU OK? The acceptability and feasibility of remote technologies for follow-up after early medical abortion. Contraception 2014;90(1):29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.03.016] - DOI - PubMed
Brody 2018 {published data only}
    1. Brody C, Tuot S, Chhoun P, Swendenman D, Kaplan KC, Yi S. Mobile Link – a theory-based messaging intervention for improving sexual and reproductive health of female entertainment workers in Cambodia: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial [Erratum appears in Trials. 2018 Dec 13;19(1):686; PMID: 30545427]. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2018;19(1):235. - PMC - PubMed
Brown 2018 {published data only}
    1. Brown KE, Beasley K, Das S. Self-control, plan quality, and digital delivery of action planning for condom and contraceptive pill use of 14-24-year-olds: findings from a clinic-based online pilot randomised controlled trial. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-being 2018;10(3):391-413. - PubMed
Bull 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bull S, Devine S, Schmiege SJ, Hammes A, Pickard L, Shlay JC. Text messaging and teen sexual health behavior: long-term follow-up of a cluster randomized trial. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing 2017;35(11):549-53. - PubMed
Burke 2018 {published data only}
    1. Burke SM. Texting as a strategy to increase contraception use compliance in adolescent females. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2018;43:134-5. - PubMed
Castaño 2012 {published data only}
    1. Castaño PM, Bynum JY, Andrés R, Lara M, Westhoff C. Effect of daily text messages on oral contraceptive continuation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2012;119(1):14-20. - PubMed
Constant 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Constant D, Tolly K, Harries J, Myer L. Mobile phone messages to provide support to women during the home phase of medical abortion in South Africa: a randomised controlled trial. Contraception 2014;90(3):226-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.04.009] - DOI - PubMed
Decker 2020 {published data only}
    1. Decker MJ, Gutmann-Gonzalez A, Price M, Romero J, Sheoran B, Yarger J. Evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention integrating technology and in-person sexual health education for adolescents (In the Know): protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2020;9(8):e18060. - PMC - PubMed
De Kruijf 2016 {published data only}
    1. De Kruijf JG, Rodrigues L, Macedo M. A call for knowledge: assessing the effectiveness of text messaging for sexual and reproductive health in northern Ghana. IADIS International Conferences e-Health 2016 2016;-:157-163.
de Tolly 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tolly KM, Constant D. Integrating mobile phones into medical abortion provision: intervention development, use, and lessons learned from a randomized controlled trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2014;2(1):e5. - PMC - PubMed
Espey 2021 {published data only}
    1. Espey J, Ingabire R, Nyombayire J, Hoagland A, Da Costa V, Mazzei A, et al. Postpartum long-acting contraception uptake and service delivery outcomes after a multilevel intervention in Kigali, Rwanda. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health 2021;47(3):173-8. - PMC - PubMed
Feyisetan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Feyisetan B, Benevides R, Jacinto A, Mutumbo N. Assessing the effects of mCenas! SMS education on knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy related to contraception among youth in Mozambique. Washington, D.C., Pathfinder International, Evidence to Action for Strengthened Reproductive Health 2015;E2A:1-101.
Frank‐Herrmann 2017 {published data only}
    1. Frank-Herrmann P, Stanford JB, Freundl G. Fertility awareness-based mobile application. European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 2017;22(5):396-7. - PubMed
Free 2016a {published data only}
    1. Free C, McCarthy O, French RS, Wellings K, Michie S, Roberts I, et al. Can text messages increase safer sex behaviours in young people? Intervention development and pilot randomised controlled trial. Health Technology Assessment 2016;20(57):1-82. - PMC - PubMed
Free 2016b {published data only}
    1. Free C, McCarthy O, French RS, Wellings K, Michie S, Roberts I, et al. Can text messages increase safer sex behaviours in young people? Intervention development and pilot randomized controlled trial. Health Technology Assessment 2016;20(57):1-82. - PMC - PubMed
Ghanotakis 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ghanotakis E, Hoke T, Wilcher R, Field S, Mercer S, Bobrow EA, et al. Evaluation of a male engagement intervention to transform gender norms and improve family planning and HIV service uptake in Kabale, Uganda. Global Public Health: an International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice 2017;12(10):1297-314. - PubMed
Gilliam 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gilliam M, Hebert L, Brown R, Akinola M, Hill B, Whitaker A, et al. Exploring the feasibility and effectiveness of a contraceptive counseling waiting room app. Contraception 2016;94(4):412.
Gold 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gold J, Aitken C, Dixon H, Lim M, Gouillou M, Spelman T, et al. A randomised controlled trial using mobile advertising to promote safer sex and sun safety to young people. Health Education Research 2011;26(5):782-94. [DOI: 10.1093/her/cyr020] - DOI - PubMed
Gonsalves 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gonsalves L, Engle KL, Tamrat T, Plourde KF, Mangone ER, Agarwal S, et al. Adolescent/youth reproductive mobile access and delivery initiative for love and life outcomes (ARMADILLO) Study: formative protocol for mHealth platform development and piloting. Reproductive Health 2015;12:67. - PMC - PubMed
Gonsalves 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gonsalves L, Hindin MJ, Bayer A, Carcamo CP, Gichangi P, Habib N, et al. Protocol of an open, three-arm, individually randomized trial assessing the effect of delivering sexual and reproductive health information to young people (aged 13-24) in Kenya and Peru via mobile phones: adolescent/youth reproductive mobile access and delivery initiative for love and life outcomes (ARMADILLO) study stage 2. Reproductive Health 2018;15(1):126. - PMC - PubMed
Green 2018 {published data only}
    1. Green EP, Augustine A, Naanyu V, Hess AK, Kiwinda L, Angrist A, et al. Developing a digital marketplace for family planning: pilot randomized encouragement trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2018;20(7):e10756. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hall KS, Westhoff CL, Castaño PM. The impact of an educational text message intervention on young urban women's knowledge of oral contraception. Contraception 2013;87(4):449-54. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hall KS, Castano PM, Westhoff CL. The influence of oral contraceptive knowledge on oral contraceptive continuation among young women. Journal of Women's Health 2014;23(7):596-601. - PMC - PubMed
Harrington 2017a {published data only}
    1. Harrington EK, Drake AL, Matemo D, Perrier T, Osoti A, John-Stewart G, et al. Experience including men in a novel short message service (SMS) approach to improve postpartum family planning education and counseling in Kenya. Contraception 2017;96(4):301.
Harrington 2019b {published data only}
    1. Harrington EK, Drake AL, Matemo D, Ronen K, Osoti AO, John-Stewart G, et al. An mHealth SMS intervention on postpartum contraceptive use among women and couples in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health 2019;109(6):934-41. - PMC - PubMed
Himes 2017 {published data only}
    1. Himes KP, Donovan H, Wang S, Weaver C, Grove JR, Facco FL. Healthy beyond pregnancy, a web-based intervention to improve adherence to postpartum care: randomized controlled feasibility trial. JMIR Human Factors 2017;4:e26. - PMC - PubMed
Hirshfield 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hirshfield S, Downing MJ Jr, Parsons JT, Grov C, Gordon RJ, Houang ST, et al. Developing a video-based eHealth intervention for HIV-positive gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2016;5(2):e125. - PMC - PubMed
Irons 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irons M, Tomaszewski K, Munoz Buchanan CR, Trent M. Understanding adolescent nonresponsiveness to text messages: lessons from the DepoText trial. Journal of Urban Health 2015;92(3):502-12. - PMC - PubMed
Juzang 2011 {published data only}
    1. Juzang I, Fortune T, Black S, Wright E, Bull S. A pilot programme using mobile phones for HIV prevention. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2011;17(3):150-3. [DOI: 10.1258/jtt.2010.091107] - DOI - PubMed
Kaoaiem 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kaoaiem H. The effect of squad leader mentors through short message services for mobile phones in promoting safe sex among first (central) army area conscripts of Thailand. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2012;95(2):249-56. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Katz 2011 {published data only}
    1. Katz K, Rodan M, Milligan R, Tan S, Courtney L, Gantz M, et al. Efficacy of a randomized cell phone-based counseling intervention in postponing subsequent pregnancy among teen mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2011;15:S42-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-011-0860-3] - DOI - PubMed
Kirby 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kirby D, Raine T, Yuen C, Sokoloff A, Potter S. Impact of an intervention to improve contraceptive use through follow-up phone calls to female adolescent clinic patients. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 2010;42(1):251-7. [DOI: 10.1363/4225110.] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kohn 2018a {published data only}
    1. Kohn JE, Simons HR, Della Badia L, Draper E, Morfesis J, Talmont E, et al. Increased 1-year continuation of DMPA among women randomized to self-administration: results from a randomized controlled trial at planned parenthood. Contraception 2018;97(3):198-204. - PubMed
Kohn 2018b {published data only}
    1. Kohn JE, Simons HR, Della Badia L, Draper E, Morfesis J, Talmont E, et al. Increased 1-year continuation of DMPA among women randomized to self-administration: results from a randomized controlled trial at planned parenthood. Contraception 2018;73(6):358. - PubMed
Kulathinal 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kulathinal S, Joseph B, Saavala M. Mobile helpline and reversible contraception: lessons from a controlled before-and-after study in Rural India. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2019;7(8):e12672. - PMC - PubMed
L'Engle 2013 {published data only}
    1. L'Engle K, Vahdat H, Ndakidemi E, Lasway C, Zan T. Evaluating feasibility, reach and potential impact of a text message family planning information service in Tanzania. Contraception 2013;87(2):251-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.07.009] - DOI - PubMed
L'Engle 2015 {published data only}
    1. L'Engle KL, Green K, Succop SM, Laar A, Wambugu S. Scaled-up mobile phone intervention for HIV care and treatment: protocol for a facility randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2015;4(1):e11. - PMC - PubMed
Lim 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lim M, Hocking J, Aitken C, Fairley C, Jordan L, Lewis J, et al. Impact of text and email messaging on the sexual health of young people: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2012;66(1):69-74. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2009.100396] - DOI - PubMed
Mackenzie 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mackenzie H. A text messaging trial in family planning clinics. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2009;146:154-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Manlove 2020 {published data only}
    1. Manlove J, Cook E, Whitfield B, Johnson M, Martínez-García G, Garrido M. Short-term impacts of pulse: an app-based teen pregnancy prevention program for Black and Latinx women. Journal of Adolescent Health 2020;66(2):224-32. [PMID: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.017] - DOI - PubMed
Margillo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Margillo G. Raising voices: the effects of a youth behavioral education communication campaign in Guatemala. Contraception 2015;92(4):411.
Maslowsky 2016 {published data only}
    1. Maslowsky J, Frost S, Hendrick CE, Trujillo Cruz FO, Merajver SD. Effects of postpartum mobile phone-based education on maternal and infant health in Ecuador. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics 2016;134(1):93-8. - PMC - PubMed
McCarthy 2016 {published data only}
    1. McCarthy OL, French RS, Baraitser P, Roberts I, Rathod SD, Devries K, et al. Safetxt: a pilot randomised controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone to increase safer sex behaviours in young people. BMJ Open 2016;6(12):e013045. - PMC - PubMed
McCarthy 2018a {published data only}
    1. McCarthy O, Ahamed I, Kulaeva F, Tokhirov R, Saibov S, Vandewiele M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone app instant messaging to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young people in Tajikistan [Erratum appears in Reprod Health. 2018 Mar 26;15(1):52; PMID: 29580246]. Reproductive Health 2018;15(1):28. - PMC - PubMed
McCarthy 2018b {published data only}
    1. McCarthy O, Kulaeva F, Tohirov R, Saibov S, Vandewiele M, Standaert S, et al. Correction to: a randomized controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone app instant messaging to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young people in Tajikistan. Reproductive Health 2018;15(1):52. - PMC - PubMed
McCarthy 2019b {published data only}
    1. McCarthy OL, Zghayyer H, Stavridis A, Adada S, Ahamed I, Leurent B, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone text message to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young women in Palestine. Trials 2019;20(1):228. - PMC - PubMed
Muessig 2014 {published data only}
    1. Muessig KE, Baltierra NB, Pike EC, LeGrand S, Hightow-Weidman LB. Achieving HIV risk reduction through HealthMpowerment.org, a user-driven eHealth intervention for young Black men who have sex with men and transgender women who have sex with men. Digital Culture & Education 2014;6(3):164-82. - PMC - PubMed
NCT00230880 {published data only}
    1. NCT00230880. The Young Woman's Reach Project: trial of an intervention to impact contraceptive behavior, unintended pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescent females (REACH). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00230880 (first received 3 October 2005).
NCT00733707 {published data only}
    1. NCT00733707. Improving adherence with oral contraceptives using daily text messaging reminders. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00733707 (first received 13 August 2008).
NCT01401816 {published data only}
    1. NCT01401816. Advanced provision of emergency contraception: utilizing technology to increase prescription fill rates. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01401816 (first received 25 July 2011).
NCT01545609 {published data only}
    1. NCT01545609. A trial assessing the effectiveness of text messages in improving continuation of birth control. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01545609 (first received 7 March 2012).
NCT01641380 {published data only}
    1. NCT01641380. Meaningful use of technology to improve health care delivery. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01641380 (first received 16 July 2012).
NCT01746758 {published data only}
    1. NCT01746758. Mobile phone text messaging referral. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01746758 (first received 11 December 2012).
NCT01814930 {published data only}
    1. NCT01814930. Adolescent Postpartum Contraceptive Counseling Intervention (PPCI). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01814930 (first received 20 March 2013).
NCT01894126 {published data only}
    1. NCT01894126. Mobile phone messaging to improve women's and children's health (mobile WACh) in Kenya. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01894126 (first received 9 July 2013).
NCT01947842 {published data only}
    1. NCT01947842. Effect of a smartphone application on oral contraceptive adherence in college females. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01947842 (first received 23 September 2013).
NCT02031575a {published data only}
    1. NCT02031575. Study on Mhealth and reproductive health in teens. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02031575 (first received 9 January 2014).
NCT02031575b {published data only}
    1. NCT02031575. Study on Mhealth and reproductive health in teens. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02031575 (first received 9 January 2014).
NCT02093884a {published data only}
    1. NCT02093884. A pilot study using text messaging to communicate with adolescent females in the pediatric emergency department. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02093884 (first received 21 March 2014).
NCT02093884b {published data only}
    1. NCT02093884. A pilot study using text messaging to communicate with adolescent females in the pediatric emergency department. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02093884 (first received 21 March 2014).
NCT02234271a {published data only}
    1. NCT02234271. Plan A birth control: randomized controlled trial of a mobile health application for contraception information. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02234271 (first received 9 September 2014).
NCT02234271b {published data only}
    1. NCT02234271. Plan A birth control: randomized controlled trial of a mobile health application for contraception information. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02234271 (first received 9 September 2014).
NCT02396602 {published data only}
    1. NCT02396602. miPlan: a trial of miPlan intervention vs. standard of care. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02396602 (first received 24 March 2015).
NCT02579785 {published data only}
    1. NCT02579785. Using mHealth to promote post-menstrual regulation contraceptive uptake and continuation in Bangladesh. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02579785 (first received 20 October 2015).
NCT02714686 {published data only}
    1. NCT02714686. Evaluation of a mass media family planning campaign on the uptake of contraceptive methods in Burkina Faso. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02714686 (first received 21 March 2016).
NCT02733692 {published data only}
    1. NCT02733692. Culturally congruent HIV risk reduction app for young women, an acceptability & pilot evaluation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02733692 (first received 11 April 2016).
NCT02781714a {published data only}
    1. NCT02781714. Evaluation of an mHealth SMS dialogue strategy to meet women's and couples' postpartum contraceptive needs in Kenya. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02781714 (first received 24 May 2016).
NCT02781714b {published data only}
    1. NCT02781714. Evaluation of an mHealth SMS dialogue strategy to meet women's and couples' postpartum contraceptive needs in Kenya. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02781714 (first received 24 May 2016).
NCT02905461 {published data only}
    1. NCT02905461. An intervention delivered by text message to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young women in Palestine. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02905461 (first received 19 September 2016).
NCT02905513 {published data only}
    1. NCT02905513. An intervention delivered by app instant messaging to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young people in Tajikistan. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02905513 (first received 19 September 2016).
NCT02905526 {published data only}
    1. NCT02905526. An intervention delivered by app instant messaging to increase use of effective contraception among young women in Bolivia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02905526 (first received 19 September 2016).
NCT03117842 {published data only}
    1. NCT03117842. Using a theory-based SMS/VM intervention to improve sexual and reproductive health of female entertainment workers in Cambodia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03117842 (first received 18 April 2017).
NCT03135288 {published data only}
    1. NCT03135288. Cell-phone assisted postpartum counseling on the use of long-acting reversible contraceptives. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03135288 (first received 1 May 2017).
NCT03194672 {published data only}
    1. NCT03194672. Healthy adolescent transitions (HAT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03194672 (first received 21 June 2017).
NCT03253783a {published data only}
    1. NCT03253783. The evaluation of pulse: a mobile health app and teen pregnancy prevention program. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03253783 (first received 18 August 2017).
NCT03253783b {published data only}
    1. NCT03253783. The evaluation of pulse: a mobile health app and teen pregnancy prevention program. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03253783 (first received 18 August 2017).
NCT03382132 {published data only}
    1. NCT03382132. momHealth: multiple health behavior change intervention in teen pregnancy & parenting using mobile technology. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03382132 (first received 22 December 2017).
NCT03612518a {published data only}
    1. NCT03612518. An mHealth trial to promote the use of postpartum contraception [An mHealth, multi-centre randomized controlled trial to promote use of postpartum contraception amongst rural women in Punjab, Pakistan]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03612518 (first received 2 August 2018).
NCT03612518b {published data only}
    1. NCT03612518. An mHealth, multi-centre randomized controlled trial to promote use of postpartum contraception amongst rural women in Punjab, Pakistan. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03612518 (first received 2 August 2018).
Nielsen 2018a {published data only}
    1. Nielsen A, De Costa A, Bågenholm A, Danielsson KG, Marrone G, Boman J, et al. Trial protocol: a parallel group, individually randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a mobile phone application to improve sexual health among youth in Stockholm County. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):216. - PMC - PubMed
Nielsen 2018b {published data only}
    1. Nielsen A, De Costa A, Bågenholm A, Danielsson KG, Marrone G, Boman J, et al. Trial protocol: a parallel group, individually randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a mobile phone application to improve sexual health among youth in Stockholm County. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):216. - PMC - PubMed
Nielsen 2021 {published data only}
    1. Nielsen AM, De Costa A, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Marrone G, Boman J, Salazar M, et al. The MOSEXY trial: mobile phone intervention for sexual health in youth – a pragmatic randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a smartphone application on sexual health in youth in Stockholm, Sweden. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2021;97:141-6. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2019-054027] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
O'Sullivan 2008 {published data only}
    1. O'Sullivan G. The Saathiya trusted partner program in India: meeting young couples' reproductive health needs. Social Marketing Quarterly 2008;14(3):109-20. [DOI: 10.1080/15245000802261324] - DOI
PACTR201410000889209 {published data only}
    1. PACTR201410000889209. Post delivery mobile health family planning. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=PACTR201410000889209 (first received 16 September 2014).
Pathfinder International 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pathfinder International Evidence to Action for Strengthened Reproductive Health. E2A in Mozambique: assessing the effects of SMS education related to contraception for youth. Pathfinder.org 2014.
Rokicki 2017a {published data only}
    1. Rokicki S, Fink G. Assessing the reach and effectiveness of mHealth: evidence from a reproductive health program for adolescent girls in Ghana. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):969. - PMC - PubMed
Shaaban 2019 {published data only}
    1. Shaaban OM, Abbas AM, Saber T, Youness E, Farouk M. Effect of cell-phone assisted postpartum counseling on the use of long-acting reversible contraceptives: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 2019;112(3):e9. - PubMed
Smith 2015c {published data only}
    1. Smith C, Ngo TD, Gold J, Edwards P, Vannak U, Sokhey L, et al. Effect of a mobile phone-based intervention on post-abortion contraception: a randomized controlled trial in Cambodia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2015;93(12):842-50A. - PMC - PubMed
Song 2017 {published data only}
    1. Song L, Deng L, Geng W, Dai Y, Li S, Cheng Y. Effects of short message service on HIV prevention among young college students. 8th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education 2017:147-53.
Sridhar 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sridhar A, Chen A, Glik D. Plan a birth control: randomized controlled trial of a mobile health application. Contraception 2013;88:463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.125] - DOI
Sridhar 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sridhar A, Chen AY. Mobile health application for long-acting reversible contraceptive information: a secondary analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;123(Suppl 1):111S.
Sridhar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sridhar A, Chen A, Forbes ER, Glik D. Mobile application for information on reversible contraception: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2015;212(6):774.e1-7. - PubMed
Suffoletto 2013 {published data only}
    1. Suffoletto B, Akers A, McGinnis K, Calabria J, Wiesenfeld H, Clark D. A sex risk reduction text-message program for young adult females discharged from the emergency department. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;53(3):387-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.006] - DOI - PubMed
Tebb 2019 {published data only}
    1. Tebb KP, Leng TS, Rico R, Renteria R, Rodriguez F, Puffer M. A mobile health contraception decision support intervention for Latina adolescents: implementation evaluation for use in school-based health centers. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2019;7(3):e11163. - PMC - PubMed
Thiel de Bocanegra 2017a {published data only}
    1. Thiel de Bocanegra H, Bradsberry M, Lewis C, Maguire F. Do bedsider family planning mobile text message and e-mail reminders increase kept appointments and contraceptive coverage? Women's Health Issues 2017;27(4):420-5. - PubMed
Thiel de Bocanegra 2017b {published data only}
    1. Thiel de Bocanegra H, Bradsberry M, Lewis C, Maguire F. Do bedsider family planning mobile text message and e-mail reminders increase kept appointments and contraceptive coverage? Women's Health Issues 2017;27(4):420-5. - PubMed
Travasso 2016 {published data only}
    1. Travasso C. App helps to improve contraception uptake in rural India. BMJ 2016;352:i667. - PubMed
Unger 2018a {published data only}
    1. Unger JA, Ronen K, Perrier T, DeRenzi B, Slyker J, Drake AL, et al. Short message service communication improves exclusive breastfeeding and early postpartum contraception in a low- to middle-income country setting: a randomised trial. BJOG 2018;125(12):1620-9. - PMC - PubMed
Unger 2018b {published data only}
    1. Unger JA, Ronen K, Perrier T, DeRenzi B, Slyker J, Drake AL, et al. Short message service communication improves exclusive breastfeeding and early postpartum contraception in a low- to middle-income country setting: a randomised trial. BJOG 2018;25(12):1620-9. - PMC - PubMed
Walakira 2013 {published data only}
    1. Walakira B, Lubaale Y, Balidawa F, Nalule S, Githinji F. Can mobile phone text messaging increase uptake of family planning services in Uganda? www.measureevaluation.org/publications/WP-13-135.html (accessed 25 January 2023). [www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/wp-13-135]
WHO 2014 {published data only}
    1. World Health Organization. SMS-based family planning in Kenya and Tanzania: FHI 360's m4RH. apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/185102 (accessed 25 January 2023):WHO/RHR/14.31.
Ybarra 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ybarra M, Goodenow C, Rosario M, Saewyc E, Prescott T. An mHealth intervention for pregnancy prevention for LGB teens: an RCT. Pediatrics 2021;147(3):e2020013607. - PMC - PubMed
Zulu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Zulu EM, Sukwa T. Impact of mHealth on contraceptive use among women and men of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2020;25(10):1182-97. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Bates 2018 {unpublished data only}
    1. ISRCTN11040557. Assessing the impact of a digital job aid on clients' experience of family planning counselling and choice of long acting contraception methods. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=ISRCTN11040557 (first received 2 March 2017).
Gul 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gul X, Hameed W, Hussain S, Sheikh I, Siddiqui JU. A study protocol for an mHealth, multi-centre randomized control trial to promote use of postpartum contraception amongst rural women in Punjab, Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2019;19(1):283. - PMC - PubMed
Yeates 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03995043. Project for reproductive equity through volunteers and entrepreneurship, networks, and technology: the PREVENT project protocol. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03995043 (first received 21 June 2019).

Additional references

Abraham 2008
    1. Abraham C, Michie S. A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology 2008;27(3):379-87. - PubMed
Akinola 2018
    1. Akinola M, Hebert L, Hill B. Development of a mobile app on contraceptive options for young African American and Latina Women. Health Education & Behavior 2018;46(1):89-96. - PubMed
Amankwaa 2018
    1. Amankwaa I, Boateng D, Quansah DY, Akuoko CP, Evans C. Effectiveness of short message services and voice call interventions for antiretroviral therapy adherence and other outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One 2018;13(9):1-20. - PMC - PubMed
Ames 2019
    1. Ames HM, Glenton C, Lewin S, Tamrat T, Akama E, Leon N. Clients' perceptions and experiences of targeted digital communication accessible via mobile devices for reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 10. Art. No: CD013447. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013447] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bacchus 2019
    1. Bacchus LJ, Reiss K, Church K, Colombini M, Pearson E, Naved R, et al. Using digital technology for sexual and reproductive health: are programs adequately considering risk? Global Health, Science and Practice 2019;7(4):507-14. - PMC - PubMed
Burns 2016
    1. Burns K, Keating P, Free C. A systematic review of randomised control trials of sexual health interventions delivered by mobile technologies. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):1-13. - PMC - PubMed
Car 2012
    1. Car J, Gurol-Urganci I, Jongh T, Vodopivec-Jamsek V, Atun R. Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 7. Art. No: CD007458. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007458.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
CDC 2019
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Distracted driving. www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/distracted_driving/ (accessed 24 February 2020).
Chandra‐Mouli 2014
    1. Chandra-Mouli V, McCarraher DR, Phillips SJ, Williamson NE, Hainsworth G. Contraception for adolescents in low and middle income countries: needs, barriers, and access. Reproductive Health 2014;11:1. [DOI: 10.1186/1742-4755-11-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cleland 2012
    1. Cleland J, Conde-Agudelo A, Peterson H, Ross J, Tsui A. Contraception and health. Lancet 2012;380(9837):149-56. - PubMed
Cleland 2014
    1. Cleland J, Harbison S, Shah IH. Unmet need for contraception: issues and challenges. Studies in Family Planning 2014;45(2):105-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00380.x] - DOI - PubMed
Cooper 2017
    1. Cooper V, Clatworthy J, Whetham J. mHealth interventions to support self-management in HIV: a systematic review. Open AIDS Journal 2017;11:119-32. - PMC - PubMed
Covidence [Computer program]
    1. Covidence. Version accessed February 2019. Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation. Available at www.covidence.org.
Daher 2017
    1. Daher J, Vijh R, Linthwaite B, Dave S, Kim J, Dheda K, et al. Do digital innovations for HIV and sexually transmitted infections work? Results from a systematic review (1996–2017). BMJ Open 2017;7(11):1-8. - PMC - PubMed
Darroch 2013
    1. Darroch J, Singh S. Trends in contraceptive need and use in developing countries in 2003, 2008, and 2012: an analysis of national surveys. Lancet 2013;381(9879):1756-62. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60597-8] - DOI - PubMed
Darroch 2017
    1. Darroch JE. Adding it up: investing in contraception and maternal and newborn health, 2017 fact sheet. www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/adding-it-up-contraception-mnh-2017 (accessed 19 February 2020).
de la Torre‐Diez 2015
    1. la Torre-Diez I, Lopez-Coronado M, Vaca C, Aguado J, Castro C. Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness studies of telemedicine, electronic, and mobile health systems in the literature: a systematic review. Telemedecine Journal and e-Health 2015;21(2):81-5. - PMC - PubMed
Feroz 2019
    1. Feroz A, Abrejo F, Ali SA, Nuruddin R, Saleem S. Using mobile phones to improve young people’s sexual and reproductive health in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol to identify barriers, facilitators and reported interventions. Systematic Reviews 2019;8(1):117. - PMC - PubMed
Free 2013
    1. Free C, Phillips G, Galli L, Watson L, Felix L, Edwards P, et al. The effectiveness of mobile-health technology-based health behaviour change or disease management interventions for health care consumers: a systematic review. PLOS Medicine 2013;10(1):e1001362. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2010
    1. Hall K, White K, Reame N, Westhoff C. Studying the use of oral contraception: a review of measurement approaches. Journal of Women's Health 2010;19(12):2203-9. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hanlon 2017
    1. Hanlon P, Daines L, Campbell C, Mckinstry B, Weller D, Pinnock H. Telehealth interventions to support self-management of long-term conditions: a systematic metareview of diabetes, heart failure, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(5):e172. - PMC - PubMed
Haynes 2008
    1. Haynes R, Ackloo E, Sahota N, McDonald H, Yao X. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No: CD000011. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000011.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Higgins 2019
    1. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd edition. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, 2019.
Hill 2020
    1. Hill J, McGinn J, Cairns J, Free C, Smith C. A mobile phone–based support intervention to increase use of postabortion family planning in Cambodia: cost-effectiveness evaluation. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2020;8(2):1-16. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Horvath 2012
    1. Horvath T, Azman H, Kennedy GE, Rutherford GW. Mobile phone text messaging for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 4. Art. No: CD009756. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009756] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jennings 2013
    1. Jennings L, Gagliardi L. Influence of mhealth interventions on gender relations in developing countries: a systematic literature review. International Journal for Equity in Health 2013;12(1):85. - PMC - PubMed
Joseph‐Shehu 2019
    1. Joseph-Shehu E, Ncama B, Mooi N, Mashamba-Thompson T. The use of information and communication technologies to promote healthy lifestyle behaviour: a systematic scoping review. BMJ Open 2019;9(10):1-17. - PMC - PubMed
Kaneda 2019
    1. Kaneda T, Greenbaum C. Family Planning Data Sheet. www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/fp-data-sheet-2019.pdf (accessed 25 January 2023).
Kruse 2019
    1. Kruse C, Betancourt J, Ortiz S, Valdes LS, Bamrah IK, Segovia N. Barriers to the use of mobile health in improving health outcomes in developing countries: systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2019;21(10):e13263. - PMC - PubMed
Linde 2019
    1. Linde DS, Korsholm M, Katanga J, Rasch V, Lundh A, Andersen MS. One-way SMS and healthcare outcomes in Africa: systematic review of randomised trials with meta-analysis. PLOS One 2019;14(6):1-18. - PMC - PubMed
Marcolino 2018
    1. Marcolino MS, Oliveira JA, D'Agostino M, Ribeiro AL, Alkmim MB, Novillo-Ortiz D. The impact of mHealth interventions: systematic review of systematic reviews. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2018;6(1):1-8. - PMC - PubMed
Mbuagbaw 2012
    1. Mbuagbaw L, Thabane L, Ongolo-Zogo P, Lester RT, Mills EJ, Smieja M, et al. The Cameroon Mobile Phone SMS (CAMPS) Trial: a randomized trial of text messaging versus usual care for adherence to antiretroviral therapy. PLOS One 2012;7(12):e46909. - PMC - PubMed
McCarthy 2018
    1. McCarthy O, Wazwaz O, Calderon V, Jado I, Saibov S, Starvridis A, et al. Development of an intervention delivered by mobile phone aimed at decreasing unintended pregnancy among young people in three lower middle income countries. BMC Public Health 2018;18(576):1-15. - PMC - PubMed
National Safety Council 2015
    1. National Safety Council. The problem of cell phone distracted driving. www.nsc.org/learn/NSC-Initiatives/Pages/distracted-driving-problem-of-ce... (accessed on 5 May 2015).
National Toxicology Program 2020
    1. Cellphone radio frequency radiation studies. ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/cellphone (accessed 12 February 2020).
Newell 1992
    1. Newell D. Intention-to-treat analysis: implications for quantitative and qualitative research. International Journal of Epidemiology 1992;21(5):837-41. - PubMed
Palmer 2020
    1. Palmer MJ, Henschke N, Villanueva G, Maayan N, Bergman H, Glenton C, et al. Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving sexual and reproductive health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 8. Art. No: CD013680. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013680] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
RevMan Web 2022 [Computer program]
    1. Review Manager Web (RevMan Web). Version 4.12.0. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2022. Available at revman.cochrane.org.
Rooks‐Peck 2019
    1. Rooks-Peck CR, Wichser ME, Adegbite AH, DeLuca JB, Barham T, Ross LW, et al. Analysis of systematic reviews of medication adherence interventions for persons with HIV, 1996–2017. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2019;33(12):528-37. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Rothman 2000
    1. Rothman K. Epidemiological evidence on health risks of cellular telephones. Lancet 2000;356(9244):1837-40. - PubMed
Sedgh 2016
    1. Sedgh G, Ashford LS, Hussain R. Unmet need for contraception in developing countries: examining women's reasons for not using a method. www.guttmacher.org/report/unmet-need-for-contraception-in-developing-cou... (accessed 25 January 2023).
Shah 2019
    1. Shah R, Watson J, Free C. A systematic review and meta-analysis in the effectiveness of mobile phone interventions used to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):1-15. - PMC - PubMed
Shet 2014
    1. Shet A, De Costa A, Kumarasamy N, Rodrigues R, Rewari B, Ashorn P, et al. Effect of mobile telephone reminders on treatment outcome in HIV: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in India. BMJ 2014;347:1-11. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g5978] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Singh 2009
    1. Singh S, Darroch J, Ashford L, Vlassoff M. Adding it up: the costs and benefits of investing in family planning and maternal and newborn health. www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/pubs/AddingItUp2009.pdf (accessed 25 January 2023).
Smith 2013
    1. Smith C, Uk V, Ly S, Ngo T, Gold G, Khut K, et al. Mobile technology for improved family planning services (MOTIF): study protocol for a randomised control trial. Trials 2013;14(427):1-9. - PMC - PubMed
Starrs 2018
    1. Starrs AM, Ezeh AC, Barker G, Basu A, Bertrand JT, Blum R, et al. Accelerate progress – sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: report of the Guttmacher–Lancet Commission. Lancet 2018;391(10140):2642-92. - PubMed
Stuart 2009
    1. Stuart G, Grimes D. Social desirability bias in family planning studies: a neglected problem. Contraception 2009;80:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.02.009] - DOI - PubMed
Sully 2020
    1. Sully EA, Biddlecom A, Darroch JE, Riley T, Ashford LS, Lince-Deroche N, et al. Adding it up: investing in sexual and reproductive health 2019. www.guttmacher.org/report/adding-it-up-investing-in-sexual-reproductive-... (accessed 25 January 2023). [DOI: 10.1363/2020.31593] - DOI
Taylor 2019
    1. Taylor D, Lunny C, Lolić P, Warje O, Geldman J, Wong T, et al. Effectiveness of text messaging interventions on prevention, detection, treatment, and knowledge outcomes for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews 2019;8(1):1-22. - PMC - PubMed
United Nations 2015
    1. United Nations. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. www.refworld.org/docid/57b6e3e44.html (accessed 25 January 2023).
Wang 2019
    1. Wang Z, Zhu Y, Cui L, Qu B. Electronic health interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2019;7(10):1-11. - PMC - PubMed
Westoff 2012
    1. Westoff CF. Unmet need for modern contraceptive methods. DHS analytical studies 28: Office of Population Research, Princeton University; 2012 Sept. Publication ID: AS28.
WHA 2018
    1. Digital Health Resolution. Seventy-First World Health Assembly (WHA) 2018.
Whittaker 2009
    1. Whittaker R, Borland R, Bullen C, Lin RB, McRobbie H, Rodgers A. Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No: CD006611. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006611.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
WHO 2013
    1. World Health Organization. Family planning. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs351/en/ (accessed 10 June 2014).
WHO 2018a
    1. World Health Organization. Classification of digital health interventions v1.0. apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260480 (accessed 25 January 2023).
WHO 2018b
    1. World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (WHO/RHR) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), Knowledge for Health Project. Family Planning: a Global Handbook for Providers [2018 update]. Baltimore and Geneva: CCP and WHO, 2018.
WHO 2019
    1. WHO guideline: recommendations on digital interventions for health system strengthening. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550505 (accessed 25 January 2023). - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Smith 2014
    1. Smith C, Gold J, Ngo TD, Sumpter C, Free C. Mobile phone-based interventions for improving contraception use. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. Art. No: CD011159. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011159] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Smith 2015a
    1. Smith C, Gold J, Ngo TD, Sumpter C, Free C. Mobile phone-based interventions for improving contraception use. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 6. Art. No: CD011159. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011159.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources