Association between natural hazards and postnatal care among the neonates in India: a step towards full coverage using geospatial approach

Abstract

Background: Postnatal care is crucial to prevent the child mortality. Despite the improvement in the PNC coverage for the neonates, it is still far away from the universal health coverage. Along with, some specific regions mostly are natural hazard prone areas of India show very under coverage of PNC for the neonates. Considering the substantial spatial variation of PNC coverage and natural hazard prevalence, present study aimed to examine spatial variation of PNC coverage and its association with natural hazard at the district level.

Methods: The cross-sectional exploratory study utilized National Family Health Survey, 2019-21, which included 1,76,843 children using multistage stratified sampling method to examine postnatal care within 42 days for neonates born within five years prior to the survey. Additionally, the study utilized Vulnerability Atlas of India,2019 maps to categorize regions into hazardous (flood, earthquake, and landslide) and non-hazardous areas. Spatial univariate and bivariate analyses, logistic and geographically weighted regressions were conducted using ArcGIS Pro, GeoDa, and Stata 16.0 software to identify associations between PNC coverage, hazard exposure, and spatial variation.

Results: The univariate spatial analysis showed some specific regions such as north, east, and north-east region of India had a high concentration of natural hazard and low access of PNC coverage. Bivariate analysis also showed that PNC coverage was low in flood (75.9%), earthquake (68.3%), and landslide (80.6%) effected areas. Compared to the national PNC coverage (81.1%), all these natural hazards effected areas showed low coverage. Further, logic regression showed that these hazard prone areas were less (OR:0.85 for flood, 0.77 for earthquake, and 0.77 for landslide) likely to get PNC coverage than their counterparts. LISA cluster maps significantly showed low PNC and high disaster concentration in these disaster-prone areas. Geographic weighted regression results also showed similar result.

Conclusions: The present study elucidates notable heterogeneity in the coverage of postnatal care (PNC) services, with lower concentrations observed in disaster-prone areas. In order to enhance the accessibility and quality of PNC services in these areas, targeted interventions such as the deployment of mobile health services and fortification of health systems are recommended.

Keywords: Healthcare accessibility; National Family Health Survey; Natural hazard; Postnatal care; Spatial analysis.

Fig. 1

Flood, landslide and earthquake high risk hazard zonation map of India. Source: Prepared by the authors’ (compiled using the map from Vulnerability Atlas of India, 2019). Note: https://vai.bmtpc.org/

Fig. 2

Differences in PNC in different earthquake hazard risk zones in India, 2019-20. Source: Author’s computation from NFHS 5 data

Fig. 3

PNC Distribution map and Univariate LISA cluster map of PNC in India, 2019-21. Source: Author’s computation from NFHS 5 data

Fig. 4

Bivariate Lisa cluster map, significance map and Moran’s-I scatter plot of PNC and Landslide in India. Source: Author’s computation from NFHS 5 data

Fig. 5

Bivariate Lisa cluster map, significance map and Moran’s-I scatter plot of PNC and flood in India. Source: Author’s computation from NFHS 5 data

Fig. 6

Bivariate Lisa cluster map, significance map and Moran’s-I scatter plot of PNC and earthquake in India. Source: Author’s computation from NFHS 5 data

Fig. 7

Geographically weighted regression with PNC and other indicators. Source: Author’s computation from NFHS 5 data