Cocaine use is associated with cerebral white matter hyperintensities in HIV disease

Abstract

Background: White matter hyperintensities (WMH), a marker of cerebral small vessel disease and predictor of cognitive decline, are observed at higher rates in persons with HIV (PWH). The use of cocaine, a potent central nervous system stimulant, is disproportionately common in PWH and may contribute to WMH.

Methods: The sample included of 110 PWH on antiretroviral therapy. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted anatomical MRI scans were collected, along with neuropsychological testing. FLAIR images were processed using the Lesion Segmentation Toolbox. A hierarchical regression model was run to investigate predictors of WMH burden [block 1: demographics; block 2: cerebrovascular disease (CVD) risk; block 3: lesion burden].

Results: The sample was 20% female and 79% African American with a mean age of 45.37. All participants had persistent HIV viral suppression, and the median CD4⁺ T-cell count was 750. Nearly a third (29%) currently used cocaine regularly, with an average of 23.75 (SD = 20.95) days in the past 90. In the hierarchical linear regression model, cocaine use was a significant predictor of WMH burden (β = .28). WMH burden was significantly correlated with poorer cognitive function (r = -0.27). Finally, higher WMH burden was significantly associated with increased serum concentrations of interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) but lower concentrations of myeloperoxidase (MPO); however, these markers did not differ by COC status.

Conclusions: WMH burden is associated with poorer cognitive performance in PWH. Cocaine use and CVD risk independently contribute to WMH, and addressing these conditions as part of HIV care may mitigate brain injury underlying neurocognitive impairment.

Figure 1

Group frequency maps showing the WMH distributions for participants categorized as having low, moderate, and high WM lesion loads.

Figure 2

Stacked bar graphs show the proportion of participants in each COC group categorized by white matter burden.

Figure 3

The scatterplot shows the negative correlation between WM lesion burden and global T‐score across the full sample. The standardized residuals from the partial correlation controlling for age are plotted. The individual data points are coded by COC status to illustrate that the relationship was similar across the groups.