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. 2023 Jul 5:10:1155467.
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155467. eCollection 2023.

Improved latrine coverage may reduce porcine cysticercosis: a comparative cross-sectional study, Busia County, Kenya 2021

Bernard Chege  1   2 , Gideon Ndambuki  2 , Maurice Owiny  1 , Alice Kiyong'a  2 , Eric M Fèvre  2   3 , Elizabeth A J Cook  2
Affiliations

Improved latrine coverage may reduce porcine cysticercosis: a comparative cross-sectional study, Busia County, Kenya 2021

Bernard Chege et al. Front Vet Sci. .

Abstract

Introduction: Smallholder pig farming is an important economic activity for many poor, rural communities in developing countries. Porcine cysticercosis is a growing public health risk in countries where pig rearing is popular. A sanitation-based intervention to reduce the prevalence of open defecation was completed in Busia County, Kenya in 2016. We capitalized on this third party intervention to evaluate its impact on porcine cysticercosis prevalence.

Methods: We conducted a comparative cross-sectional survey from August through to September 2021. Household selection was done using multistage sampling. Household questionnaire data on pig production, transmission, risk factors and awareness of porcine cysticercosis were collected from 251 households. Lingual palpation was used to test for cysticerci in 370 pigs while serum was tested for circulating antigen using Ag-ELISA. We compared results of our survey to an effective baseline, which was a near equivalent cross sectional survey conducted in 2012 before the third party sanitary intervention was established. The difference in prevalence was measured using Chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for lingual cysts in pigs.

Results: The prevalence of palpable lingual cysts was estimated to be 3.8% (95% CI 2.3-6.3%) (14/370). This was 6% (95% CI 0.8-13.9%; p-value 0.0178) lower than the prevalence reported in the pre-implementation period of 9.7% (95% CI: 4.5-17.6%). Circulating antigen was detected in 2 samples (0.54%, 95% CI: 0.2-1.9). Latrine coverage was 86% (95% CI: 81-90%), which was 11% (95% CI: 4.8-16.8%; p < 0.001) higher than the pre-implementation period coverage of 75% (95% CI: 71-79%). There was reduced prevalence of lingual cysts in pigs from households that had a latrine (OR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.05-0.43; p < 0.001) and where pigs were confined or tethered (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.07-1.02; p = 0.053).

Conclusion: There was a reduction in the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Busia County over the study period from 2012 to 2021. This was not a trial design so we are unable to directly link the decline to a specific cause, but the data are consistent with previous research indicating that improved sanitation reduces porcine cysticercosis. Programs for controlling porcine cysticercosis should include a focus on sanitation in addition to other integrated One Health approaches.

Keywords: Taenia solium; latrine access; porcine cysticercosis; prevalence; public health; sanitation.

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Conflict of interest statement

EC declared that they were an editorial board member for Frontiers at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pigs confined in a pen at Dip village, Teso North Subcounty, Busia County.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(Left) Septic wound on a pig leg caused by tether rope (arrow). (Right) Wounds caused by nylon tether rope.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Types of latrines found among households visited, Busia County, Kenya, 2021.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Palpable and visible cysts on the ventral side of pig tongue (red arrow).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Distribution of pig keeping households in Busia County indicating the location of positive pigs by lingual palpation and apDia cysticercosis antigen ELISA.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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