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. 2023 Dec;14(1):290-306.
doi: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2236843.

Production of biochar from Melia azedarach seeds for the crystal violet dye removal from water: combining of hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis

Asma Nouioua  1 , Dhirar Ben Salem  1 , Abdelkader Ouakouak  2 , Noureddine Rouahna  2 , Omirserik Baigenzhenov  3 , Ahmad Hosseini-Bandegharaei  4
Affiliations

Production of biochar from Melia azedarach seeds for the crystal violet dye removal from water: combining of hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis

Asma Nouioua et al. Bioengineered. 2023 Dec.

Abstract

Biochar has shown large potential in water treatment because of its low cost, good textural properties, and high reusability. In this study, two porous biochars were developed from the Melia azedarach seeds via direct pyrolysis process (B-700) and through hydrothermal carbonization followed with pyrolysis (HB-700). They were characterized by morphology, structural characteristics, and surface features and used to adsorb the crystal violet (CV) dye in water environment. Results of the isotherm approaches demonstrated that the removal capacity of these biochars reached 119.4 mg/g for B-700, and 209 mg/g for HB-700 (at 45°C). Also, the Avrami model best fitted the kinetic data. The electrostatic attraction was regarded as one of the adsorptions mechanisms of CV dye. The regeneration tests reveal that both B-700 and HB-700 are good reusable adsorbents. Finally, findings of the study showed that the hydrothermal carbonization method that precede the pyrolysis process can improve significantly the adsorption capacity of the produced biochar.

Keywords: Melia azedarach seeds; biochar; carbonization; dye removal; pyrolysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The chemical structure of crystal violet dye.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
FT-IR spectra of B-700 and HB-700 samples.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
X – ray diffraction patterns of biochars.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
SEM micrographs of biochars: (a) B-700 and (b) HB-700.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
(a) and (c) Nitrogen gas Adsorption/desorption isotherm of B-700 and HB-700 at 77 K, respectively, and (b) and (d) their pore size distribution, respectively.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
(a) pHPZC of biochars, (b) Effect of the pH change in CV uptake (Co = 20 mg/L, 15 ± 1°C, t = 240 min and m/V = 1 g/L), and (c) Effect of ions strength on the adsorption of the dye onto biochars.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Effect of stirring time on CV adsorption onto biochar (Co = 20 mg/L, 15 ± 1°C, and m/V = 1 g/L).
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Effect of adsorbent dose on the adsorption capacity of the CV dye (Co = 5–300 mg/L, t = 240 min, 15 ± 1°C, and m/V = 0.5, 1 and 2 g/L).
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Isotherm models fitted to the experimental data of CV dye adsorption.
Figure 10.
Figure 10.
(a) Adsorption cycles of biochars and (b) the reuse test of the regenerated biochars dye (Co = 20 mg/L for (a), Co = 10–300 mg/L for (b), t = 240 min, 15 ± 1°C, and m/V = 1 g/L).
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