Human Histology after Structure Preservation Cochlear Implantation via Round Window Insertion

Abstract

Objectives: Current surgical techniques aim to preserve intracochlear structures during cochlear implant (CI) insertion to maintain residual cochlear function. The optimal technique to minimize damage, however, is still under debate. The aim of this study is to histologically compare insertional trauma and intracochlear tissue formation in humans with a CI implanted via different insertion techniques.

Methods: One recent temporal bone from a donor who underwent implantation of a full-length CI (576°) via round window (RW) insertion was compared with nine cases implanted via cochleostomy (CO) or extended round window (ERW) approach. Insertional trauma was assessed on H&E-stained histological sections. 3D reconstructions were generated and virtually re-sectioned to measure intracochlear volumes of fibrosis and neo-ossification.

Results: The RW insertion case showed electrode translocation via the spiral ligament. 2/9 CO/ERW cases showed no insertional trauma. The total volume of the cochlea occupied by fibro-osseous tissue was 10.8% in the RW case compared with a mean of 30.6% (range 8.7%-44.8%, N = 9) in the CO/ERW cases. The difference in tissue formation in the basal 5 mm of scala tympani, however, was even more pronounced when the RW case (12.3%) was compared with the cases with a CO/ERW approach (mean of 93.8%, range 81% to 100%, N = 9).

Conclusions: Full-length CI insertions via the RW can be minimally traumatic at the cochlear base without inducing extensive fibro-osseous tissue formation locally. The current study further supports the hypothesis that drilling of the cochleostomy with damage to the endosteum incites a local tissue reaction.

Level of evidence: 4: Case-control study Laryngoscope, 134:945-953, 2024.

Keywords: cochlear implant; histopathology; intracochlear tissue; round window; trauma.