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. 2023 Jul 23;11(7):638.
doi: 10.3390/toxics11070638.

Biodegradation Capabilities of Paraquat-Degrading Bacteria Immobilized on Nanoceramics

Manee Jindakaraked  1 , Eakalak Khan  2 , Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul  1
Affiliations

Biodegradation Capabilities of Paraquat-Degrading Bacteria Immobilized on Nanoceramics

Manee Jindakaraked et al. Toxics. .

Abstract

The biodegradation of paraquat was investigated using immobilized microbial cells on nanoceramics fabricated from nanoscale kaolinite. Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis, which degrade paraquat, were immobilized separately on nanoceramics (respectively called ICnc-P and ICnc-B). The attachment of bacteria to nanoceramics resulted from electrostatic force interactions, hydrogen bonding, and covalent bonding (between the cells and the support materials). The initial 10 mg L-1 concentration of paraquat in water was removed by the adsorption process using nanoceramics at 68% and ceramics at 52%, respectively. The immobilized cells on the nanoceramics were able to remove approximately 92% of the paraquat within 10 h, whereas the free cells could only remove 4%. When the paraquat was removed, the cell-immobilized nanoceramics exhibited a significant decrease in dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). ICnc-B was responsible for 34% of DON biodegradation, while ICnc-P was responsible for 22%. Ammonia was identified as the end product of ammonification resulting from paraquat mineralization.

Keywords: biodegradation; cell immobilization; mineralization; nanoceramic; nanoclay; pesticide.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM images of (a) Cnc, (b) ICnc−P, and (c) ICnc−B.
Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM images of (a) Cnc, (b) ICnc−P, and (c) ICnc−B.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Residual paraquat (C/C0) in synthetic medium using nanoceramic (Cnc) and ceramic (Cc) via adsorption at pH 7 and (b) adsorption capacity (qe) and residual paraquat (C/C0) in synthetic medium with pH 1–pH 11.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Paraquat removal by Cnc (without cells), ICnc (Living cells), and ICnc (Sterilized cells) for (a) P. putida, (b) B. subtilis, and (c) Paraquat degradation using free cells and cell−immobilized ceramics of P. putida and B. subtilis.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) during the biodegradation of paraquat using (a) P. putida (free cell), (b) B. subtilis (free cell), (c) ICnc−P, and (d) ICnc−B.
Figure 5
Figure 5
DON biodegradation degree of paraquat using ICnc−P and ICnc−B.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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