Effect of an Enteroprotective Complementary Feed on Faecal Markers of Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Weaning Puppies

Abstract

Weaning entails numerous modifications of the intestinal structure and microbiota composition, making puppies at high risk of sickness during this delicate life stage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a four-week administration of a supplement composed of ultramicronised Palmitoylethanolamide, bovine colostrum and Bacillus subtilis (Normalia^® Extra, Innovet Italia Srl, Saccolongo, Italy) on markers of gut health and microbiome of weaning puppies. Twenty-nine four-week-old Golden Retriever puppies were randomly assigned to control (CG, n = 13) and treated (TG, n = 16) groups. During the whole experimental time, there were no differences between the groups with regard to average daily gain and faecal score. In TG, faecal calprotectin and zonulin values were statistically significantly decreased compared to CG, especially at week 8 (zonulin: 42.8 ± 1.54 ng/mL and 55.3 ± 42.8 ng/mL, and calprotectin: 2.91 ± 0.38 µg/g and 5.71 ± 0.43 µg/g, in TG and CG, respectively; p < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Bacteria belonging to phylum Campylobacterota decreased (p = 0.04), while those referring to genera Coprococcus and Pseudomonas increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively). The supplementation of the tested complementary feed can promote the intestinal health of puppies and therefore facilitate weaning by lowering gut inflammation.

Keywords: Bacillus subtilis; Calprotectin; PEA-um; colostrum; dog; intestinal microbiota; weaning; zonulin.

Figure 1

Growth chart (body mass, BM, x week of age) of the puppies enrolled (n = 29); different colours indicate the control (CG, n = 13) and treatment (TG, n = 16) groups.

Figure 2

Faecal scores of the puppy dogs in control (CG, n = 13) and treatment group (TG, n = 16). Different colours indicate different scorings.

Figure 3

Faecal calprotectin (a) and zonulin (b) concentration of the puppy dogs in control (CG, n = 13) and treatment group (TG, n = 16). Data are given as µg/g and ng/mL, respectively.

Figure 4

Relative frequency of ASVs at family level in faecal samples of the puppy dogs in control (CG, n = 13) and treatment group (TG, n = 16); families with relative frequency >1% are included.