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. 2023 Jul 20;12(7):1025.
doi: 10.3390/biology12071025.

An Eco-Friendly Approach Utilizing Green Synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Leather Conservation against a Fungal Strain, Penicillium expansum AL1, Involved in the Biodeterioration of a Historical Manuscript

Amr Fouda  1 , Mahmoud Abdel-Nasser  2 , Ahmed M Eid  1 , Saad El-Din Hassan  1 , Aya Abdel-Nasser  3 , Nada K Alharbi  4 , Ahlam H AlRokban  4 , Gomaa Abdel-Maksoud  5
Affiliations

An Eco-Friendly Approach Utilizing Green Synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Leather Conservation against a Fungal Strain, Penicillium expansum AL1, Involved in the Biodeterioration of a Historical Manuscript

Amr Fouda et al. Biology (Basel). .

Abstract

The main hypothesis of the present research is investigating the efficacy of titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) to prevent the growth of fungal strains when applied on leather under an experimental study. Therefore, fifteen fungal strains were isolated from a deteriorated historical manuscript (papers and leathers) and identified by traditional methods and ITS sequence analysis, including Aspergillus chevalieri (one isolate), A. nidulans (two strains), A. flavus (four strains), A. cristatus (one strain), A. niger (one strain), Paecilomyces fulvus (two strains), Penicillium expansum (two strains), and P. citrinum (two strains). The enzymes cellulase, amylase, pectinase, and gelatinase, which play a crucial role in biodegradation, were highly active in these fungal strains. TiO2-NPs were formed using the cell-free filtrate of the probiotic bacterial strain, Lactobacillus plantarum, and characterized. Data showed that the TiO2-NPs were successfully formed with a spherical shape and anatase phase with sizes of 2-8 nm. Moreover, the EDX analysis revealed that the Ti and O ions occupied the main component with weight percentages of 41.66 and 31.76%, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity of TiO2-NPs toward two normal cell lines, WI38 and HFB4, showed a low toxicity effect against normal cells (IC50 = 114.1 ± 8.1µg mL-1 for Wi38, and 237.5 ± 3.5µg mL-1 for HFB4). Therefore, concentrations of 100 μg mL-1 were used to load on prepared leather samples before inoculation with fungal strain P. expansum AL1. The experimental study revealed that the loaded TiO2-NPs have the efficacy to inhibit fungal growth with percentages of 73.2 ± 2.5%, 84.2 ± 1.8%, and 88.8 ± 0.6% after 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. Also, the analyses including SEM, FTIR-ART, color change, and mechanical properties for leather inoculated with fungal strain AL1 in the absence of NPs showed high damage aspects compared to those inoculated with fungal strains in the presence of TiO2-NPs.

Keywords: biodeterioration; biological control; fungi; green synthesis; probiotic bacteria; titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Some deterioration aspects on the papers and leather binding of a historical manuscript studied and deposited at Bibliotheca Alexandrina Library, Egypt. (A,B) are the cover and bookbinding leather, (C–E) are the historical paper sheet showing the different deterioration signs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Phylogenetic tree of the selected fungal strains isolated from the deteriorated manuscript. This tree was constructed using the neighbor joining method with a bootstrap value of 1000 replicates. ◆ refer to the obtained fungal isolates subjected to ITS sequence analysis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The enzymatic activity of different fungal strains isolated from a historical manuscript (paper and leather bookbinding). Different letters between various fungal strains on bars for the same enzyme indicate that the mean values of the clear zone are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) (n = 3).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Characterization of TiO2-NPs fabricated by the CFF of probiotic bacteria, L. plantarum. (A) UV-Vis spectroscopy showing the maximum SPR peak at 365 nm, (B) FT-IR chart for the CFF and TiO2-NPs.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(A) The X-ray diffraction pattern of TiO2-NPs synthesized by probiotic L. plantarum, (B) TEM analysis showing a spherical shape, and (C) EDX analysis showing elemental mapping of TiO2-NPs.
Figure 6
Figure 6
In vitro cytotoxicity of TiO2-NPs against two normal cell lines, WI38 and HFB4, after treatment with different concentrations. Different letters on bars for the same concentration indicates that the mean value of cell viability is significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) (n = 3).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Growth inhibition percentages of P. expansum AL1 grown on leather treated with bacterial synthesized TiO2-NPs at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1 after incubation periods of 7, 14, and 21 days.
Figure 8
Figure 8
ESEM for leather samples before and after TiO2-NP treatment in the presence and absence of fungal inoculation. (A) The negative control (leather sample without NP treatment and in the absence of fungal inoculation), (B) the positive control (leather sample without TiO2-NP treatment and inoculated with fungal strain), (C) the leather sample treated with TiO2-NPs in the absence of fungal inoculation, and (D) the leather sample treated with TiO2-NPs and inoculated with P. expansum.
Figure 9
Figure 9
FTIR-ART chart for the treated/untreated leather samples with TiO2-NPs in the presence and absence of fungal inoculation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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