Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 Jul 17;13(14):2386.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13142386.

Exploring the Risk Factors and Possible Role of Calcium in Infective Endocarditis

Yen-Shou Kuo  1 , Yuan-Ming Tsai  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Exploring the Risk Factors and Possible Role of Calcium in Infective Endocarditis

Yen-Shou Kuo et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that affects the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. Although rare, it is a potentially fatal condition, with an incidence of 3-10 cases per 100,000 people per year in developed countries and a mortality rate of up to 30% within 30 days. Early identification and diagnosis are critical for improving outcomes. The diagnosis of IE typically involves a combination of biomarkers, blood cultures, and echocardiography. However, currently, there are no specific biomarkers for the early detection of IE. Given the lack of specific biomarkers for IE, serum calcium levels have been suggested to play a unique role in IE. There have been few articles on the correlation between serum calcium and IE, suggesting that patients with endocarditis and lower levels of serum calcium may have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, in this article, we focus on biomarkers of endocarditis and discuss the evidence showing serum calcium as a potential indicator of IE.

Keywords: biomarkers; endocarditis; risk factors; serum calcium.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Bin Abdulhak A.A., Baddour L.M., Erwin P.J., Hoen B., Chu V.H., Mensah G.A., Tleyjeh I.M. Global and regional burden of infective endocarditis, 1990–2010: A systematic review of the literature. Glob. Heart. 2014;9:131–143. doi: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.01.002. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Murdoch D.R., Corey G.R., Hoen B., Miro J.M., Fowler V.G., Jr., Bayer A.S., Karchmer A.W., Olaison L., Pappas P.A., Moreillon P., et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: The International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009;169:463–473. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.603. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ambrosioni J., Hernandez-Meneses M., Tellez A., Pericas J., Falces C., Tolosana J.M., Vidal B., Almela M., Quintana E., Llopis J., et al. The Changing Epidemiology of Infective Endocarditis in the Twenty-First Century. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2017;19:21. doi: 10.1007/s11908-017-0574-9. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Cahill T.J., Baddour L.M., Habib G., Hoen B., Salaun E., Pettersson G.B., Schafers H.J., Prendergast B.D. Challenges in Infective Endocarditis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017;69:325–344. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.066. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Duszyk A., Bierzynska M., Radzikowska Z., Milanowski P., Kus R., Suffczynski P., Michalska M., Labecki M., Zwolinski P., Durka P. Towards an optimization of stimulus parameters for brain-computer interfaces based on steady state visual evoked potentials. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e112099. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112099. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources