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Review
. 2023 Jul 17;13(14):2386.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13142386.

Exploring the Risk Factors and Possible Role of Calcium in Infective Endocarditis

Yen-Shou Kuo  1 , Yuan-Ming Tsai  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Exploring the Risk Factors and Possible Role of Calcium in Infective Endocarditis

Yen-Shou Kuo et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that affects the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. Although rare, it is a potentially fatal condition, with an incidence of 3-10 cases per 100,000 people per year in developed countries and a mortality rate of up to 30% within 30 days. Early identification and diagnosis are critical for improving outcomes. The diagnosis of IE typically involves a combination of biomarkers, blood cultures, and echocardiography. However, currently, there are no specific biomarkers for the early detection of IE. Given the lack of specific biomarkers for IE, serum calcium levels have been suggested to play a unique role in IE. There have been few articles on the correlation between serum calcium and IE, suggesting that patients with endocarditis and lower levels of serum calcium may have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, in this article, we focus on biomarkers of endocarditis and discuss the evidence showing serum calcium as a potential indicator of IE.

Keywords: biomarkers; endocarditis; risk factors; serum calcium.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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