Boletus edulis Extract-A New Modulator of Dysbiotic Microbiota

Abstract

The regular administration of antibiotics is a public concern due to the prejudices of large population groups and the high frequency with which antimicrobial products are prescribed. The current study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a new extract from Boletus edulis (BEE) on the human microbiota. One of the disadvantages of this extensive use is the disruption of the human microbiota, leading to potential negative health consequences. The in vitro evaluation of BEE consisted in determining its cytotoxicity, influence on the concentration of four types of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNFα), and capacity to modulate the human microbiota after administering antibiotics. The latter was assessed by microbiome analysis and the evaluation of short-chain fatty acid synthesis (SCFAs). Simultaneously, the content of total polyphenols, the antioxidant capacity, and the compositional analysis of the extract (individual polyphenols composition) were determined. The results showed that BEE modulates the microbial pattern and reduces inflammatory progression. The data demonstrated antioxidant properties correlated with the increase in synthesizing some biomarkers, such as SCFAs, which mitigated antibiotic-induced dysbiosis without using probiotic products.

Keywords: functional product; in vitro; pattern; porcini; short-chain fatty acid synthesis.

Figure 1

The technological flow for obtaining the extract in atomized form and the characterization options. The figure was created with BioRender App (https://app.biorender.com/; accessed on 22 May 2023).

Figure 2

Cytotoxicity of B. edulis extracts on HT-29 cell line. Different letters mean statistical differences vs. control, p < 0.0001, n = 4. Control was represented by HT-29 cells in a solvent. P1E1 means extract after Extraction 1; P1E2 means extract after Extraction 2; P1 10%–P1 100% means final extract mixtures in different concentrations.

Figure 3

The effect of B. edulis extract on the levels of cytokines IL-6 (A), IL-10 (B), IL-1β (C), and TNF-α (D) detected by ELISA. TFS—control group; LPS—cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharides of E. coli; “d” means statistical difference vs. TFS; p < 0.0001; n = 3.

Figure 3

The effect of B. edulis extract on the levels of cytokines IL-6 (A), IL-10 (B), IL-1β (C), and TNF-α (D) detected by ELISA. TFS—control group; LPS—cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharides of E. coli; “d” means statistical difference vs. TFS; p < 0.0001; n = 3.

Figure 4

Evolution of the microbial pattern after administration of B. edulis extract, n = 3.

Figure 5

Evolution of the microbial pattern of antibiotic-treated microbiota after administration of B. edulis extract, n = 3.