Tracing the Path between Mushrooms and Alzheimer's Disease-A Literature Review

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well-known among neurodegenerative diseases for the decline of cognitive functions, making overall daily tasks difficult or impossible. The disease prevails as the most common form of dementia and remains without a well-defined etiology. Being considered a disease of multifactorial origin, current targeted treatments have only managed to reduce or control symptoms, and to date, only two drugs are close to being able to halt its progression. For decades, natural compounds produced by living organisms have been at the forefront of research for new therapies. Mushrooms, which are well-known for their nutritional and medicinal properties, have also been studied for their potential use in the treatment of AD. Natural products derived from mushrooms have shown to be beneficial in several AD-related mechanisms, including the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE 1); the prevention of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and neurotoxicity; and the prevention of Tau expression and aggregation, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Several studies in the literature relate mushrooms to neurodegenerative diseases. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no publication that summarizes only AD data. In this context, this review aims to link the therapeutic potential of mushrooms to AD by compiling the anti-AD potential of different mushroom extracts or isolated compounds, targeting known AD-related mechanisms.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; mushrooms; natural products; therapy.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of the main mushrooms bioactive compounds, producer species and AD disease targets. Created with BioRender.com.

Figure 2

Examples of compounds isolated from mushrooms with potential for AD treatment. These bioactive molecules belong to different classes: lanostane triterpenoids (1–3), polyoxigenated cyathane diterpenoids (4–9), sesterterpenoids (10), indole alkaloids (11 and 12), and purine nucleosides (13).

Figure 3

Examples of compounds isolated from mushrooms with potential for AD treatment. These bioactive molecules belong to different classes: amino acids (14), lactones (15 and 16), benzaldehyde derivates (19–21), dienamides (23 and 24), and ethanolamines (17, 18 and 22).