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. 2023 Jul 10;23(14):6274.
doi: 10.3390/s23146274.

A Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Secure Optimal Path-Routing Protocol for Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks

Ruby Dass  1 , Manikandan Narayanan  1 , Gayathri Ananthakrishnan  2 , Tamilarasi Kathirvel Murugan  3 , Musiri Kailasanathan Nallakaruppan  2 , Siva Rama Krishnan Somayaji  2 , Kannan Arputharaj  1 , Surbhi Bhatia Khan  4   5 , Ahlam Almusharraf  6
Affiliations

A Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Secure Optimal Path-Routing Protocol for Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks

Ruby Dass et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Recently, research into Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks (WBASN) or Wireless Body-Area Networks (WBAN) has gained much importance in medical applications, and now plays a significant role in patient monitoring. Among the various operations, routing is still recognized as a resource-intensive activity. As a result, designing an energy-efficient routing system for WBAN is critical. The existing routing algorithms focus more on energy efficiency than security. However, security attacks will lead to more energy consumption, which will reduce overall network performance. To handle the issues of reliability, energy efficiency, and security in WBAN, a new cluster-based secure routing protocol called the Secure Optimal Path-Routing (SOPR) protocol has been proposed in this paper. This proposed algorithm provides security by identifying and avoiding black-hole attacks on one side, and by sending data packets in encrypted form on the other side to strengthen communication security in WBANs. The main advantages of implementing the proposed protocol include improved overall network performance by increasing the packet-delivery ratio and reducing attack-detection overheads, detection time, energy consumption, and delay.

Keywords: black-hole attack; energy efficiency; routing; wireless body-area network.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
WSN without and with clustering.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Black-hole attack.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic illustration of a black-hole attack using REQR and REPR packets. A–D, F denotes nodes, Solid arrows denotes REQR and dotted arrows denotes REPR.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Encryption process of the OTP algorithm.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Decryption process of the OTP algorithm.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Flowchart for the routing protocol.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Route-discovery overheads.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Comparison of mean time to detect the black holes.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Packet-delivery ratio.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Network lifetime.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Energy consumption vs. the number of sensor nodes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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