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. 2023 Sep;12(17):18153-18164.
doi: 10.1002/cam4.6391. Epub 2023 Jul 30.

Disease burden, risk factors, and trends of lip, oral cavity, pharyngeal cancers: A global analysis

Junjie Huang  1   2 , Sze Chai Chan  1 , Samantha Ko  1 , Veeleah Lok  3 , Lin Zhang  4   5 , Xu Lin  6 , Don E Lucero-Prisno 3rd  7 , Wanghong Xu  8 , Zhi-Jie Zheng  9 , Edmar Elcarte  10 , Mellissa Withers  11 , Martin C S Wong  1   2   9 ; NCD Global Health Research Group, Association of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU)
Affiliations

Disease burden, risk factors, and trends of lip, oral cavity, pharyngeal cancers: A global analysis

Junjie Huang et al. Cancer Med. 2023 Sep.

Abstract

Background: Lip, oral and pharyngeal cancers make up a small percentage of total cancer cases worldwide and have reported lower rates of cancer-related deaths globally in 2020, but their 5-year survival rate in either early or advanced stages is different. The study evaluated the global incidence, mortality, risk factors, and temporal trends by age, gender, and geographical locations of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancer.

Methods: Incidence and mortality rates were extracted from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) volumes I-XI, the Nordic Cancer Registries (NORDCAN), the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, and the WHO IARC mortality database. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate the Average Annual Percentage Change to examine trends.

Results: The highest incidence rates were found in Melanesia and South-Central Asia and mortality rates were 8.2 and 7.5. Risk factors associated with incidence and mortality included HDI, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, poor diet, and chronic health conditions such as hypertension. Increasing trends of incidence and mortality were observed in females from Malta; males aged 50 and above from the United Kingdom, and females aged 50 and above from Slovakia reporting the largest increase.

Conclusions: Although global incidence and mortality trends reported an overall decrease, significant increases were found for older age groups and female subjects. Incidence increase may be due to the growing prevalence of lifestyle, metabolic risk factors, and HPV infections, especially in developed countries.

Keywords: burden; lip; oral cavity; pharyngeal cancer; risk factors; temporal trends.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Global incidence and mortality of LOCP cancers, both sexes, all ages, in 2020. Data source: GLOBOCAN 2020 Graph production: IARC (http://gco.iarc.fr/today) World Health Organization.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Associations between risk factors and LOCP cancers incidence.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Associations between risk factors and LOCP cancers mortality.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
AAPC of LOCP cancers incidence for individuals of all ages. AAPC, annual percentage change; *p < 0.05.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
AAPC of LOCP cancers mortality for individuals of all ages. AAPC, annual percentage change; *p < 0.05.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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