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Review
. 2023 Jul 14;8(29):25640-25648.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00963. eCollection 2023 Jul 25.

Hydrogen Production Using TiO2-Based Photocatalysts: A Comprehensive Review

Muhammad Rafique  1 , Syeda Hajra  2 , Muneeb Irshad  3 , Muhammad Usman  4 , Muhammad Imran  5   6 , Mohammad A Assiri  5   6 , Waqar Muhammad Ashraf  7
Affiliations
Review

Hydrogen Production Using TiO2-Based Photocatalysts: A Comprehensive Review

Muhammad Rafique et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most widely used photocatalysts due to its physical and chemical properties. In this study, hydrogen energy production using TiO2- and titanate-based photocatalysts is discussed along with the pros and cons. The mechanism of the photocatalysis has been elaborated to pinpoint the photocatalyst for better performance. The chief characteristics and limitations of the TiO2 photocatalysts have been assessed. Further, TiO2-based photocatalysts modified with a transition metal, transition metal oxide, noble metal, graphitic carbon nitride, graphene, etc. have been reviewed. This study will provide a basic understanding to beginners and detailed knowledge to experts in the field to optimize the TiO2-based photocatalysts for hydrogen production.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Apparatus for photocatalytic water splitting. Reprinted with permission from ref (6). Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Reprinted with permission from ref (22). Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic diagram of photocatalytic reaction on a Au/TiO2 catalyst. Reprinted with permission from ref (23). Copyright 2008 Elsevier.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic diagram of transfer and separation of charges of the Cu/TiO2 photocatalyst. Reprinted with permission from ref (25). Copyright 2009 Elsevier.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a–c). Schematic diagram of the CdS/TiO2 photocatalyst. Panels a and b reprinted with permission from ref (30). Copyright 2007 Elsevier. Panel c reprinted with permission from ref (31). Copyright 2017 Elsevier.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic diagram of the CoO-loaded TiO2/CdS photocatalyst. Reprinted with permission from ref (32). Copyright 2014 Elsevier.
Figure 7
Figure 7
MOF template synthesis of Fe2O3/TiO2. Reprinted with permission from ref (33). Copyright 2012 John Wiley and Sons.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic diagram of the transfer and separation of charges of the Ni(OH)2 cluster over modified TiO2. Reprinted with permission from ref (34). Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Schematic diagram of the transfer and separation of charges of composite TiO2 and g-C3N4. Reprinted with permission from ref (35). Copyright 2011 Elsevier.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Proposed mechanism of graphene photocatalyst to enhance the photocatalytic performance. Reprinted with permission from ref (39). Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Schematic diagram of the preparation procedure of GO/TiO2 and TiO2/GO. Reprinted with permission from ref (39). Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Schematic diagram of the RGO/TiO2 photocatalyst. Reprinted with permission from ref (43). Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Tahir M. B.; et al. Photocatalytic performance of hybrid WO3/TiO2 nanomaterials for the degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2021, 101, 1448–1460. 10.1080/03067319.2019.1685093. - DOI
    1. Tahir M. B.; et al. Development of Sol Gel Derived Nanocrystalline TiO 2 Thin Films via Indigenous Spin Coating Method. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2018, 28 (1), 1–8. 10.1007/s10904-017-0690-x. - DOI