Validity and Reliability of Pain and Behavioral Scales for Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Objective: To systematically review the instruments used to assess behavior, stress, and/or pain in preterm newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and verify the validity and reliability of these instruments.

Data sources: Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), and EBSCOhost Research Platform. 12,295 records were found.

Review/analysis methods: 37 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The COnsensus-based Standards for selecting health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist was used to assess the quality assessment and measurement properties.

Results: We identified 25 scales that assessed behavior, pain, and/or stress in preterm newborns. The Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain (BIPP), Crying, Requires Oxygen, Increased Vital Signs, Expression, Sleeplessness (CRIES), Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP), and Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) had scored "very good" in quality data. The PIPP and PIPP-R scales received the "very good" classification in validity assessment. The Evaluation Enfant Douleur (EVENDOL), Children's and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS), PIPP-R, Neonatal Pain Agitation and Sedation Scale (N-PASS), Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates (BPSN), Faceless Acute Neonatal Pain Scale (FANS), BIIP, and Pain Assessment Scale for Preterm Infants (PASPI) obtained an assessment classified as excellent on reliability, both for inter-rater reliability and internal consistency, and the BPSN demonstrated a very strong value to intra-rater reliability.

Conclusions: Considering the assessments of inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and quality of scales by COSMIN, the BIPP, and PIPP-R, were the scales considered appropriate.