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. 2023 Jul 31;33(1):28.
doi: 10.1038/s41533-023-00349-4.

Gold 2023: Highlights for primary care

Alvar Agustí  1 , Antoni Sisó-Almirall  2 , Miguel Roman  3 , Claus F Vogelmeier  4 ; members of the Scientific Committee of GOLD (Appendix)
Collaborators, Affiliations

Gold 2023: Highlights for primary care

Alvar Agustí et al. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. .
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Range of lung function trajectories through the lifetime.
For further explanations, see text. Reproduced with permission from reference .
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Proposed taxonomy (etiotypes) for COPD.
Reproduced with permission from www.goldcopd.org.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Initial pharmacological treatment.
Exacerbation history refers to exacerbations suffered the previous year. *: single inhaler therapy may be more convenient and effective than multiple inhalers. mMRC: modified Medical Research Dyspnoea Questionnaire. CAT: COPD Assessment Test. LAMA: long-acting anti-muscarinic antagonist; LABA: long-acting β2 receptor agonist; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; eos: eosinophils. Reproduced with permission from www.goldcopd.org.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Follow-up pharmacological treatment.
*: single inhaler therapy may be more convenient and effective than multiple inhalers; **: Consider de-escalation of ICS if pneumonia or other considerable side-effects. In case of blood eos ≥300 cells/μl de-escalation is more likely to be associated with the development of exacerbations. Exacerbation history refers to exacerbations suffered the previous year. mMRC: modified Medical Research Dyspnea Questionnaire. CAT: COPD Assessment Test. LAMA: long-acting anti-muscarinic antagonist; LABA: long-acting β2 receptor agonist; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; eos: eosinophils. Reproduced with permission from www.goldcopd.org.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Classification of the severity of COPD exacerbations.
Definition of abbreviations: VAS: visual analog scale; RR: respiratory rate; HR: heart rate; CRP: C-reactive protein. SaO2: arterial oxygen saturation; PaO2: arterial partial pressure of oxygen; ABG: arterial blood gases; ABG should show new onset/worsening hypercapnia or acidosis since a few patients may have chronic hypercapnia. Adapted from ref. . Reproduced with permission from www.goldcopd.org.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), https://goldcopd.org/2023-gold-report-2/ (2023).
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    1. Cho, M. H., Hobbs, B. D. & Silverman, E. K. Genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: understanding the pathobiology and heterogeneity of a complex disorder. Lancet Respiratory Med.10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00510-5 (2022). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Landis SH, et al. Continuing to confront COPD International Patient Survey: methods, COPD prevalence, and disease burden in 2012-2013. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2014;9:597–611. - PMC - PubMed

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