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. 2023 Aug 1;19(2):2236537.
doi: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2236537.

Long-term influenza antibodies profiles in previously vaccinated and non-vaccinated adults

Iván Sanz-Muñoz  1   2   3 , Conrado Lajara  4 , Javier Sánchez-Martínez  1   2 , Camino Prada-García  5 , Silvia Rojo-Rello  1   6 , Marta Domínguez-Gil  1   7 , Virginia Fernández-Espinilla  1   8 , Cristina Hernán-García  1   8 , José M Eiros-Bachiller  9 , Asunción Caminero-Pérez  4 , Yolanda Marcos-López  4 , Luis Teso-Fernández  4 , José Ignacio Echarren  4 , Javier Castrodeza-Sanz  1   8 , José M Eiros  1   6   7
Affiliations

Long-term influenza antibodies profiles in previously vaccinated and non-vaccinated adults

Iván Sanz-Muñoz et al. Hum Vaccin Immunother. .

Abstract

The aim of this work is to describe the dynamics of influenza antibodies after vaccination in adults. We conducted a case-cohort serological study in the automobile manufacturing plants of the Renault España S.A. group in Valladolid and Palencia (Spain), including 550 workers (66.9%) previously vaccinated against influenza (group V), and 272 (33.1%) never vaccinated (group NV). A pre-vaccination serum sample was collected, another after 30-40 days and another after 6 months. The dynamics of antibodies were analyzed. A lower seroprotection of NV before vaccination was observed, but an antibody response between 2 and 4 times higher than in V was assessed. After 6 months, antibodies declined in both groups until equalize. Antibodies titers decrease with age, and no differences were found among underlying pathologies. Adults never vaccinated against influenza had lower seroprotection than those previously vaccinated, but influenza vaccination produces a more intense serological response in them, acquiring significantly higher antibody titers than those previously vaccinated. The antibodies, although in lower titers, persist and equalize among both groups at least 6 months after vaccination, which allows the individual to be protected during the entire circulation of the influenza virus in the same season.

Keywords: Influenza; adults; vaccination; vaccine; workers.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors CL, YML, ACP, LJT and JIE work for Renault España S.A. The rest of the authors declare that this research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
CONSORT diagram for patient selection and samplings.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Evolution of the seroprotection rate against the four human influenza viruses type A and B in the group of workers who had been vaccinated at least the previous season (V), and in those who had never been vaccinated against influenza (NV). ****, p < .0001.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Evolution of the GMTs against the four human influenza viruses type A and B in the group of workers who had been vaccinated at least the previous season (V), and in those who had never been vaccinated against influenza (NV). *, p < .05; **, p > .01; ****, p < .0001.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Seroconversion rate (SCR) against the four human influenza viruses type A and B in the group of workers who had been vaccinated at least the previous season (V), and in those who had never been vaccinated against influenza (NV). H1, A(H1N1)pdm09; H3, A(H3N2); BV, B/Victoria; BY, B/Yamagata; ****, p < .0001.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Logistic regression of hemagglutinating antibody titers as a function of the age of the individuals included in the study. V, vaccinated against influenza at least the previous season; NV, never vaccinated against influenza; LR, Logistic Regression; BV, B/Victoria; BY, B/Yamagata.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Log2 HA GMTs for V and NV groups against each influenza A and B virus analyzed for the different pathologies recorded in the study subjects. V, vaccinated against influenza at least the previous season; NV, never vaccinated against influenza; BV, B/Victoria; BY, B/Yamagata.
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