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Review
. 2023 Jun 28;9(7):e17461.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17461. eCollection 2023 Jul.

Evaluation of tubal patency by hysterosalpingo-contrast Sonography (HyCoSy): Controversies, dilemmas and considerations

Zining Xu  1 , Yaoting Wang  1 , Juan Sun  1 , Shuangxi Chen  1 , Zou Yan  1 , Chen Lin  1 , Jing Shu  2
Affiliations
Review

Evaluation of tubal patency by hysterosalpingo-contrast Sonography (HyCoSy): Controversies, dilemmas and considerations

Zining Xu et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Evaluation of tubal patency is one of the vital steps in the process of female infertility management. Hysterosalpingo-contrast Sonography (HyCoSy) has become the first-line recommendation for evaluating tubal patency. However, there remain some controversies and dilemmas relevant to the evaluation of tubal patency by HyCosy, with no effective solution has been proposed or no consensus has been reached. Herein, combined with previous research and clinical experience, we conclude and analyze these controversies and dilemmas, aiming at offering our perspective on the opportunities and challenges which are faced by HyCosy.

Keywords: Hysterosalpingo-contrast Sonography (HyCoSy); Tubal patency.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Characteristics of different HyCosy modes (the white dotted lines represent the anatomical structure's outline, and the green dotted line represents SonoVue which overflows from the fimbrial part). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Recommended procedures of Hysterosalpingo-contrast Sonography (HyCoSy).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The indicators of HyCosy for assessing tubal patency.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Cases of false positives and false negatives in the assessment of tubal patency by HyCosy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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