Hormone sensitivity predicts the beneficial effects of transdermal estradiol on reward-seeking behaviors in perimenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Depression is highly prevalent during the menopause transition (perimenopause), and often presents with anxious and anhedonic features. This increased vulnerability for mood symptoms is likely driven in part by the dramatic hormonal changes that are characteristic of the menopause transition, as prior research has linked fluctuations in estradiol (E2) to emergence of depressed mood in at risk perimenopausal women. Transdermal estradiol (TE2) has been shown to reduce the severity of depression in clinically symptomatic women, particularly in those with recent stressful life events. This research extends prior work by examining the relation between E2 and reward seeking behaviors, a precise behavioral indicator of depression. Specifically, the current study utilizes a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled design to investigate whether mood sensitivity to E2 flux ("hormone sensitivity") predicts the beneficial effects of TE2 interventions on reward seeking behaviors in perimenopausal women, and whether recent stressful life events moderate any observed associations.

Method: Participants were 66 women who met standardized criteria for being early or late perimenopausal based on bleeding patterns. Participants were recruited from a community sample; therefore, mood symptoms varied across the continuum and the majority of participants did not meet diagnostic criteria for a depressive or anxiety disorder at the time of enrollment. Hormone sensitivity was quantified over an 8-week baseline period, using within-subjects correlations between repeated weekly measures of E2 serum concentrations and weekly anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory) and anhedonia ratings (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale). Women were then randomized to receive 8 weeks of TE2 (0.1 mg) or transdermal placebo, and reward-seeking behaviors were assessed using the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT).

Results: Participants who were randomized to receive transdermal estradiol and who demonstrated greater anxiety sensitivity to E2 fluctuations at baseline, demonstrated more reward seeking behaviors on the EEfRT task. Notably, the strength of the association between E2-anxiety sensitivity and post-randomization EEfRT for TE2 participants increased when women experienced more recent stressful life events and rated those events as more stressful. E2-anhedonia sensitivity was not associated with reward-seeking behaviors.

Conclusion: Perimenopausal women who are more sensitive to E2 fluctuations and experienced more recent life stress may experience a greater benefit of TE2 as evidenced by an increase in reward seeking behaviors.

Keywords: Anhedonia; Anxiety; Estradiol; Hormone sensitivity; Perimenopause; Reward seeking behaviors.

Figure 1.

Overview of study design. Note. STAI = State Trait Anxiety Inventory. SHAPS = Snaith Hamilton Pleasure Scale. TE2 = transdermal estradiol. E2 = estradiol. EEfRT = Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task.

Figure 2.

Scatterplots of Bivariate Associations between Baseline Hormone Sensitivity and Post-Randomization EEfRT for Placebo and Active TE2 Groups. Note. A = Scatterplot of the bivariate association between E2-STAI sensitivity for participants within the placebo group (n = 34). B = Scatterplot of bivariate association between E2-STAI sensitivity for participants in the active TE2 group (n = 32)