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. 2023 Apr;52(4):829-839.
doi: 10.18502/ijph.v52i4.12456.

The Effect of Human Development Index on Obesity Prevalence at the Global Level: A Spatial Analysis

Maryam Shirvani Shiri  1 , Sara Emamgholipour  1 , Hassan Heydari  2 , Nazanin Fekri  3 , Hassan Karami  4
Affiliations

The Effect of Human Development Index on Obesity Prevalence at the Global Level: A Spatial Analysis

Maryam Shirvani Shiri et al. Iran J Public Health. 2023 Apr.

Abstract

Background: Obesity is one of the major public health concerns, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effect of human development index on the prevalence of obesity across 152 countries.

Methods: Country-level data on obesity prevalence and its influencing variables related to 152 countries were obtained during 2000-2019 from several sources. A Spatial Bayesian Hierarchical model was employed in this research, and the analyses were performed using R statistical software (version 3.6.1).

Results: We found a positive relation between HDI and obesity prevalence, in such a way if low HDI countries advance to high HDI countries, the obesity rate is expected to increase significantly by 7.45%. Moreover, the association between obesity prevalence and the percentage of people aged 40-59 (β=0.07), urbanization rate (β=0.11), percentage of internet users (β=0.01), percentage of alcohol users (β=0.16), milk consumption per capita (β=0.15) and Percentage of depression (β=0.58) was significantly positive. Conversely, per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables (β=-0.15), and smoking rate (β=-0.02) was negatively associated with obesity prevalence.

Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity is growing across all countries, especially in the countries with high and very high HDI. Therefore, policymakers must also pay attention to the negative effects of development when trying to improve the welfare of society.

Keywords: Human development index; Lifestyle factors; Obesity; Sociodemographic factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

Figures

Fig. 1:
Fig. 1:
Spatial distribution of the prevalence of obesity in 152 countries from 2000–2019.
Fig. 1:
Fig. 1:
Spatial distribution of the prevalence of obesity in 152 countries from 2000–2019.
Fig. 2:
Fig. 2:
Trend of obesity by different levels of HDI for 2000–2019 *1= Low HDI, 2= Medium HDI, 3= High HDI, 4=Very high HDI
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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