Unlocking the Mysteries, Bridging the Gap, and Unveiling the Multifaceted Potential of Stem Cell Therapy for Cardiac Tissue Regeneration: A Narrative Review of Current Literature, Ethical Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Revolutionary advancements in regenerative medicine have brought stem cell therapy to the forefront, offering promising prospects for the regeneration of ischemic cardiac tissue. Yet, its full efficacy, safety, and role in treating ischemic heart disease (IHD) remain limited. This literature review explores the intricate mechanisms underlying stem cell therapy. Furthermore, we unravel the innovative approaches employed to bolster stem cell survival, enhance differentiation, and seamlessly integrate them within the ischemic cardiac tissue microenvironment. Our comprehensive analysis uncovers how stem cells enhance cell survival, promote angiogenesis, and modulate the immune response. Stem cell therapy harnesses a multifaceted mode of action, encompassing paracrine effects and direct cell replacement. As our review progresses, we underscore the imperative for standardized protocols, comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies, and careful regulatory considerations. Lastly, we explore the integration of tissue engineering and genetic modifications, envisioning a future where stem cell therapy reigns supreme in regenerative medicine.

Keywords: biomaterials; crispr-cas9; differentiation; embryonic stem cells; ischemic cardiac tissue; mesenchymal stem cells; pluripotent stem cells; regeneration; tissue engineering.

Figure 1. Gaps to Address in Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration and Repair

Created with BioRender.com

Figure 2. Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (Decellularization and Recellularization of Whole Organs)

Created with BioRender.com MI: myocardial infarction, iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cells