Role of head group structure in the phase behavior of amino phospholipids. 1. Hydrated and dehydrated lamellar phases of saturated phosphatidylethanolamine analogues

Abstract

Analogues of dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) have been prepared with head groups modified by N-alkylation, alkylation of carbon 2 of the ethanolamine group, or interposition of extra methylene segments between the phosphoryl and amino groups. The phases formed by these lipids in aqueous dispersions have been examined by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy. All of the DMPE analogues examined, excepting N-methyl-DMPE but including N-ethyl-DMPE, form hydrated gel phases that are metastable with respect to a dehydrated "high-melting" solid phase that has been observed previously for DMPE itself. The properties and the conditions of formation of this high-melting phase are qualitatively distinct from those of the "subgel" phase, which is observed for dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and for some of the DMPE analogues examined in this study. The high-melting phases of different DMPE analogues all exhibit similarly tight packing of the acyl chains, which however do not pack according to a single type of subcell that can be universally and specifically associated with this phase. Increasing the size of the PE head group invariably decreases the melting temperature of the hydrated gel phase, even when the normal hydrogen-bonding capability of the head group is preserved. By contrast, addition of larger alkyl substituents to either the amino group or carbon 2 of the ethanolamine moiety substantially increases the transition temperature of the high-melting solid phase, indicating that the contributions of the head group to the energies of the hydrated gel and the high-melting phases are fundamentally different. Our results suggest that the head group structural requirements for a neutral phospholipid to form stable hydrated bilayers are rather stringent, a fact that may explain the overwhelming predominance of only a few such head group structures in most natural membranes.