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Review
. 2023 Jul 26:11:1185669.
doi: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1185669. eCollection 2023.

Chemical insights into the synthetic chemistry of five-membered saturated heterocycles-a transition metal-catalyzed approach

Sunbal  1 , Muhammad Alamzeb  2 , Muhammad Omer  1 , Obaid-Ur-Rahman Abid  3 , Mohib Ullah  4 , Muhammad Sohail  1 , Ihsan Ullah  1
Affiliations
Review

Chemical insights into the synthetic chemistry of five-membered saturated heterocycles-a transition metal-catalyzed approach

Sunbal et al. Front Chem. .

Abstract

Drug design and delivery is primarily based on the hunt for new potent drug candidates and novel synthetic techniques. Recently, saturated heterocycles have gained enormous attention in medicinal chemistry as evidenced by the medicinal drugs listed in the FDA Orange Book. Therefore, the demand for novel saturated heterocyclic syntheses has increased tremendously. Transition metal (TM)-catalyzed reactions have remained the prime priority in heterocyclic syntheses for the last three decades. Nowadays, TM catalysis is well adorned by combining it with other techniques such as bio- and/or enzyme-catalyzed reactions, organocatalysis, or using two different metals in a single catalysis. This review highlights the recent developments of the transition metal-catalyzed synthesis of five-membered saturated heterocycles.

Keywords: catalysis; five-membered; green; heterocycles; saturated; synthesis; transition metals.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Representative Transition Metals catalyzed Synthesis of saturated Heterocycles covered in this review.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Strategies for synthesis of saturated 5-membered heterocycles (reterosynthetic approach).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Representative mechanism for Transition metal catalyzed saturated heterocycles synthesis (Proposed for Scheme-4G) catalayzed by Palladium (Chen et al., 2021)
SCHEME 1
SCHEME 1
Rh catalyzed synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles.
SCHEME 2
SCHEME 2
Mn catalyzed synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles.
SCHEME 3
SCHEME 3
Ru catalyzed synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles.
SCHEME 4
SCHEME 4
Palladium catalyzed synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles.
SCHEME 5
SCHEME 5
Copper catalyzed synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles.
SCHEME 6
SCHEME 6
Fe catalyzed synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles.
SCHEME 7
SCHEME 7
Ni catalyzed synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles.
SCHEME 8
SCHEME 8
Cobalt catalyzed synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles.
SCHEME 9
SCHEME 9
Ti/Pd complex catalyzed synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles.
SCHEME 10
SCHEME 10
Gold and Irridium catalyzed synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles.
SCHEME 11
SCHEME 11
Rh catalyzed synthesis of saturated O-heterocycles.
SCHEME 12
SCHEME 12
Pd catalyzed synthesis of saturated O-heterocycles.
SCHEME 13
SCHEME 13
Cu catalyzed synthesis of saturated O-heterocycles.
SCHEME 14
SCHEME 14
Fe catalyzed synthesis of saturated O-heterocycles.
SCHEME 15
SCHEME 15
Co catalyzed synthesis of saturated O-heterocycles.
SCHEME 16
SCHEME 16
Ti catalyzed synthesis of saturated O-heterocycles.
SCHEME 17
SCHEME 17
Au catalyzed synthesis of saturated O-heterocycles.
SCHEME 18
SCHEME 18
Fe and Co catalyzed synthesis of saturated O-heterocycles.
SCHEME 19
SCHEME 19
Transition metal catalyzed synthesis of saturated heterocycles with two or more atoms.
SCHEME 20
SCHEME 20
Transition metal catalyzed synthesis of saturated heterocycles with two or more atoms.
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