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Review
. 2023 Aug 4:15:365-373.
doi: 10.2147/RRU.S412278. eCollection 2023.

Uncommon Haemorrhagic Cystitis of Infectious Origin: A Narrative Review for Urologists

Francesca Ambrosini  1   2 , Niccolò Riccardi  3   4 , Sara Occhineri  3   4 , Tommaso Matucci  3   4 , Irene Paraboschi  5 , Alessandro Calarco  6 , Alfredo Berrettini  5 , Giusy Tiseo  3 , Diana Canetti  7 , André Van Der Merwe  8 , Carlo Terrone  1   2 , Guglielmo Mantica  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Uncommon Haemorrhagic Cystitis of Infectious Origin: A Narrative Review for Urologists

Francesca Ambrosini et al. Res Rep Urol. .

Abstract

Purpose: Haemorrhagic cystitis may be due to different etiologies with infectious diseases representing an insidious cause to diagnose. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive overview of less common but difficult-to-diagnose causes of infectious haemorrhagic cystitis of bacterial, mycobacterial, and parasitic origin, Moreover, we highlight possible diagnostic tools and currently available treatment options in order to give an updated tool for urologists to use in daily practice.

Patients and methods: The search engine PubMed was used to select peer-reviewed articles published from 1/Jan/2010 to 31/Aug/2022.

Results: Bacteria, fungal, TB and schistosomiasis are uncommon causes of haemorrhagic cystitis burdened by high morbidity, especially if not promptly diagnosed.

Conclusion: Because haemorrhagic cystitis ranges in severity from mild dysuria associated with pelvic discomfort to severe life-threatening haemorrhage, punctual diagnosis, and immediate treatment are essential to avoid further complications.

Keywords: GUTB; cystitis; haemorrhagic cystitis; schistosomiasis; tuberculosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart. Adapted from Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. Creative Commons.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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