Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 Aug 11;8(8):CD012706.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012706.pub2.

Pharmacological pain and sedation interventions for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants on assisted ventilation - an overview of systematic reviews

Agata Stróżyk #  1 , Themistoklis Paraskevas #  2 , Olga Romantsik  3 , Maria Grazia Calevo  4 , Rita Banzi  5 , David Ley  6 , Matteo Bruschettini  3   7
Affiliations
Review

Pharmacological pain and sedation interventions for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants on assisted ventilation - an overview of systematic reviews

Agata Stróżyk et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Germinal matrix hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) may contribute to neonatal morbidity and mortality and result in long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. Appropriate pain and sedation management in ventilated preterm infants may decrease the risk of GMH-IVH; however, it might be associated with harms.

Objectives: To summarize the evidence from systematic reviews regarding the effects and safety of pharmacological interventions related to pain and sedation management in order to prevent GMH-IVH in ventilated preterm infants.

Methods: We searched the Cochrane Library August 2022 for reviews on pharmacological interventions for pain and sedation management to prevent GMH-IVH in ventilated preterm infants (< 37 weeks' gestation). We included Cochrane Reviews assessing the following interventions administered within the first week of life: benzodiazepines, paracetamol, opioids, ibuprofen, anesthetics, barbiturates, and antiadrenergics. Primary outcomes were any GMH-IVH (aGMH-IVH), severe IVH (sIVH), all-cause neonatal death (ACND), and major neurodevelopmental disability (MND). We assessed the methodological quality of included reviews using the AMSTAR-2 tool. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence.

Main results: We included seven Cochrane Reviews and one Cochrane Review protocol. The reviews on clonidine and paracetamol did not include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) matching our inclusion criteria. We included 40 RCTs (3791 infants) from reviews on paracetamol for patent ductus arteriosus (3), midazolam (3), phenobarbital (9), opioids (20), and ibuprofen (5). The quality of the included reviews was high. The certainty of the evidence was moderate to very low, because of serious imprecision and study limitations. Germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage (any grade) Compared to placebo or no intervention, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of paracetamol on aGMH-IVH (risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 2.07; 2 RCTs, 82 infants; very low-certainty evidence); midazolam may result in little to no difference in the incidence of aGMH-IVH (RR 1.68, 95% CI 0.87 to 3.24; 3 RCTs, 122 infants; low-certainty evidence); the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of phenobarbital on aGMH-IVH (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.19; 9 RCTs, 732 infants; very low-certainty evidence); opioids may result in little to no difference in aGMH-IVH (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.12; 7 RCTs, 469 infants; low-certainty evidence); ibuprofen likely results in little to no difference in aGMH-IVH (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.21; 4 RCTs, 759 infants; moderate-certainty evidence). Compared to ibuprofen, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of paracetamol on aGMH-IVH (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.31 to 4.34; 1 RCT, 30 infants; very low-certainty evidence). Compared to midazolam, morphine may result in a reduction in aGMH-IVH (RR 0.28, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.87; 1 RCT, 46 infants; low-certainty evidence). Compared to diamorphine, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of morphine on aGMH-IVH (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.07; 1 RCT, 88 infants; very low-certainty evidence). Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade 3 to 4) Compared to placebo or no intervention, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of paracetamol on sIVH (RR 1.80, 95% CI 0.43 to 7.49; 2 RCTs, 82 infants; very low-certainty evidence) and of phenobarbital (grade 3 to 4) (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.25; 9 RCTs, 732 infants; very low-certainty evidence); opioids may result in little to no difference in sIVH (grade 3 to 4) (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.34; 6 RCTs, 1299 infants; low-certainty evidence); ibuprofen may result in little to no difference in sIVH (grade 3 to 4) (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.26; 4 RCTs, 747 infants; low-certainty evidence). No studies on midazolam reported this outcome. Compared to ibuprofen, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of paracetamol on sIVH (RR 2.65, 95% CI 0.12 to 60.21; 1 RCT, 30 infants; very low-certainty evidence). Compared to midazolam, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of morphine on sIVH (grade 3 to 4) (RR 0.08, 95% CI 0.00 to 1.43; 1 RCT, 46 infants; very low-certainty evidence). Compared to fentanyl, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of morphine on sIVH (grade 3 to 4) (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.95; 1 RCT, 163 infants; very low-certainty evidence). All-cause neonatal death Compared to placebo or no intervention, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of phenobarbital on ACND (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.72; 3 RCTs, 203 infants; very low-certainty evidence); opioids likely result in little to no difference in ACND (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.55; 5 RCTs, 1189 infants; moderate-certainty evidence); the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of ibuprofen on ACND (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.38 to 2.64; 2 RCTs, 112 infants; very low-certainty evidence). Compared to midazolam, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of morphine on ACND (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.01 to 7.16; 1 RCT, 46 infants; very low-certainty evidence). Compared to diamorphine, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of morphine on ACND (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.43 to 3.19; 1 RCT, 88 infants; very low-certainty evidence). Major neurodevelopmental disability Compared to placebo, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of opioids on MND at 18 to 24 months (RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.39 to 10.29; 1 RCT, 78 infants; very low-certainty evidence) and at five to six years (RR 1.6, 95% CI 0.56 to 4.56; 1 RCT, 95 infants; very low-certainty evidence). No studies on other drugs reported this outcome.

Authors' conclusions: None of the reported studies had an impact on aGMH-IVH, sIVH, ACND, or MND. The certainty of the evidence ranged from moderate to very low. Large RCTs of rigorous methodology are needed to achieve an optimal information size to assess the effects of pharmacological interventions for pain and sedation management for the prevention of GMH-IVH and mortality in preterm infants. Studies might compare interventions against either placebo or other drugs. Reporting of the outcome data should include the assessment of GMH-IVH and long-term neurodevelopment.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

AS was employed as an independent contractor (consultant; 25 April 2022) by US Pharmacia to develop a brochure (authorship), and undertake an interview and workshop. This consultancy focuses on functional constipation in children and has no bearing on this review.

TP has no interest to declare.

OR is an author of the following included Cochrane Reviews: Bellù 2021; Romantsik 2017a; Romantsik 2023.

MGC is an author of the following included Cochrane Review: Romantsik 2017a.

RB has no interest to declare.

DL has no interest to declare.

MB is an Associate Editor for the Cochrane Neonatal Group. He had no involvement in the editorial processing of this overview. Skåne University Hospital received a public grant to fund MB's salary 0.5 FTE for basic research, not related to his Cochrane Work. He is an author of the following included Cochrane Reviews: Bellù 2021; Romantsik 2017a; Romantsik 2023.

Figures

1
1
Review flow diagram
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to included reviews

Bellù 2021
    1. Bellù R, Romantsik O, Nava C, Waal KA, Zanini R, Bruschettini M. Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, Issue 3. Art. No: CD013732. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013732.pub2] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ibrahim 2016
    1. Ibrahim M, Jones LJ, Lai NM, Tan K. Dexmedetomidine for analgesia and sedation in newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 9. Art. No: CD012361. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012361] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jasani 2022
    1. Jasani B, Mitra S, Shah PS. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, Issue 12. Art. No: CD010061. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010061.pub5] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Ng 2017
    1. Ng E, Taddio A, Ohlsson A. Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 1. Art. No: CD002052. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002052.pub3] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ohlsson 2020a
    1. Ohlsson A, Shah PS. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 1. Art. No: CD011219. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011219.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ohlsson 2020b
    1. Ohlsson A, Shah SS. Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 1. Art. No: CD004213. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004213.pub5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Romantsik 2017a
    1. Romantsik O, Calevo MG, Norman E, Bruschettini M. Clonidine for sedation and analgesia for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 5. Art. No: CD012468. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012468.pub2] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Romantsik 2023
    1. Romantsik O, Smit E, E Odd D, Bruschettini M. Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023, Issue 3. Art. No: CD001691. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001691.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to excluded reviews

Bäcke 2022
    1. Bäcke P, Bruschettini M, Sibrecht G, Thernström Blomqvist Y, Olsson E. Pharmacological interventions for pain and sedation management in newborn infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, Issue 11. Art. No: CD015023. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015023.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shah 2011
    1. Shah PS, Shah VS. Propofol for procedural sedation/anaesthesia in neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 3. Art. No: CD007248. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007248.pub2] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed

Additional references

AAP 2000
    1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Prevention and management of pain and stress in the neonate. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Committee on Drugs. Section on Anesthesiology. Section on Surgery. Canadian Paediatric Society. Fetus and Newborn Committee. Pediatrics 2000;105(2):454-61. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Al‐Lawama 2017
    1. Al-Lawama M, Alammori I, Abdelghani T, Badran E. Oral paracetamol versus oral ibuprofen for treatment of patent ductus arteriosus. Journal of International Medical Research 2017;46(2):811-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0300060517722698] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Allegaert 2007
    1. Allegaert K, Peeters MY, Verbesselt R, Tibboel D, Naulaers G, Hoon JN, et al. Inter-individual variability in propofol pharmacokinetics in preterm and term neonates. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;99(6):864-70. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Anand 1987a
    1. Anand KJ, Hickey PR. Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. New England Journal of Medicine 1987;371(21):1321-9. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198711193172105] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Anand 1987b
    1. Anand KJ, Sippell WG, Aynsley-Green A. Randomised trial of fentanyl anaesthesia in preterm babies undergoing surgery: effects on the stress response. Lancet 1987;329(8527):243-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Anand 1999
    1. Anand KJ, Barton BA, McIntosh N, Lagercrantz H, Pelausa E, Young TE, et al. Analgesia and sedation in preterm neonates who require ventilatory support: results from the NOPAIN trial. Neonatal Outcome and Prolonged Analgesia in Neonates. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1999;153(4):331-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Anand 2004
    1. Anand KJ, Hall RW, Desai N, Shephard B, Bergqvist LL, Young TE, et al, NEOPAIN Trial Investigators Group. Effects of morphine analgesia in ventilated preterm neonates: primary outcomes from the NEOPAIN randomised trial. Lancet 2004;363(9422):1673-82. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16251-X] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Ancora 2013
    1. Ancora G, Lago P, Garetti E, Pirelli A, Merazzi D, Mastrocola M, et al. Efficacy and safety of continuous infusion of fentanyl for pain control in preterm newborns on mechanical ventilation. Journal of Pediatrics 2013;163(3):645-51.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.02.039] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Anwar 1986
    1. Anwar M, Kadam S, Hiatt IM, Hegyi T. Phenobarbitone prophylaxis of intraventricular haemorrhage. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 1986;61(2):196-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Aranda 2005
    1. Aranda JV, Carlo W, Hummel P, Thomas R, Lehr VT, Anand KJ. Analgesia and sedation during mechanical ventilation in neonates. Clinical Therapeutics 2005;27(6):877-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.06.019] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Arya 2001
    1. Arya V, Ramji S. Midazolam sedation in mechanically ventilated newborns: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics 2001;38:967-72. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Asadpour 2018
    1. Asadpour N, Harandi PS, Hamidi M, Malek Ahmadi MR, Malekpour-Tehrani A. Comparison of the effect of oral acetaminophen and ibuprofen on patent ductus arteriosus closure in premature infants referred to Hajar hospital in Shahrekord in 2016-2017. Journal of Clinical Neonatology 2018;7(4):224-30. [DOI: 10.4103/jcn.JCN_47_18] - DOI
Asbagh 2015
    1. Asbagh PA, Zarkesh MR, Nili F, Sadat Nayeri FS, Naeem AT. Prophylactic treatment with oral paracetamol for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial. Tehran University Medical Journal 2015;73(2):86-92. [tumj.tums.ac.ir/article-1-6603-en.html]
Babaei 2018
    1. Babaei H, Nemati R, Daryoshi H. Closure of patent ductus arteriosus with oral acetaminophen in preterm neonates: a randomized trial. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018;5(2):2034-44. [DOI: 10.15419/bmrat.v5i02.418] - DOI
Badiee 2009
    1. Badiee Z, Torcan N. Effects of high dose orally administered paracetamol for heel prick pain in premature infants. Saudi Medical Journal 2009;30(11):1450‐3. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Bagheri 2016
    1. Bagheri MM, Niknafs P, Sabsevari F, Torabi MH, Bahman Bijari B, Noroozi E, et al. Comparison of oral acetaminophen versus ibuprofen in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics 2016;26(4):e3975. [DOI: 10.5812/ijp.3975] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bagheri 2018
    1. Bagheri M, Bahman-Bijari B, Torabi-Nejad M, Niknafs P, Mousavi H, Fatemeh S, et al. Is prophylactic parenteral paracetamol effective to diminish incidence of PDA in preterm neonates? A randomized trial. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics 2018;28(4):e11735. [DOI: 10.5812/ijp.11735] - DOI
Balachander 2020
    1. Balachander B, Mondal N, Bhat V, Adhisivam B, Kumar M, Satheesh S, et al. Comparison of efficacy of oral paracetamol versus ibuprofen for PDA closure in preterms - a prospective randomized clinical trial. Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2020;33(9):1587-92. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1525354] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Ballabh 2014
    1. Ballabh P. Pathogenesis and prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage. Clinics in Perinatology 2014;41(1):47-67. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Bayley 1993
    1. Bayley N. Bayley Scales of Infant Development. 2nd edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, 1993.
Bayley 2006
    1. Bayley N. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. San Antonio, Texas: Harcourt Assessment, 2006.
Bedard 1984
    1. Bedard MP, Shankaran S, Slovis TL, Pantoja A, Dayal B, Poland RL. Effect of prophylactic phenobarbital on intraventricular hemorrhage in high-risk infants. Pediatrics 1984;73(4):435-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Bonetto 2008
    1. Bonetto G, Salvatico E, Varela N, Cometto C, Gómez PF, Calvo B. Pain prevention in term neonates: randomized trial for three methods [Prevención del dolor en recién nacidos de término: estudio aleatorizado sobre tres métodos]. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría 2008;106(5):392‐6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Booth 2004
    1. Booth D, Evans DJ. Anticonvulsants for neonates with seizures. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. Art. No: CD004218. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004218.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Boylan 2000
    1. Boylan GB, Young K, Panerai RB, Rennie JM, Evans DH. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation in sick newborn infants. Pediatric Research 2000;48(1):12-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Brummelte 2012
    1. Brummelte S, Grunau RE, Chau V, Poskitt KJ, Brant R, Vinall J, et al. Procedural pain and brain development in premature newborns. Annals of Neurology 2012;71(3):385-96. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Bulut 2022
    1. Bulut O, Tarak Bozkurt O, Arslanoglu S. Oral ibuprofen versus oral paracetamol in pain management during screening for retinopathy of prematurity: a prospective observational study. Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 2022;36(3):305-11. [DOI: 10.1097/JPN.0000000000000675] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Ceelie 2013
    1. Ceelie I, Wildt SN, Dijk M, den Berg MM, den Bosch GE, Duivenvoorden HJ, et al. Effect of intravenous paracetamol on postoperative morphine requirements in neonates and infants undergoing major noncardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2013;309(2):149‐54. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Chen 2015
    1. Chen SS, Liu L, Hu P, Shi BZ, Fu YK, Luo R, et al. Analgesic effect of fentanyl in neonates during mechanical ventilation. Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2015;17(10):1045-50. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Cornette 2002
    1. Cornette LG, Tanner SF, Ramenghi LA, Miall LS, Childs AM, Arthur RJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the infant brain: anatomical characteristics and clinical significance of punctate lesions. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2002;86(3):F171-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
CTRI/2020/08/027144
    1. CTRI/2020/08/027144. Pain reducing drug administration during surfactant therapy by less invasive technique. Surfactant are alveolar surface reducing agents, used in baby having lower pool surfactant i.e. respiratory distress syndrome [Analgesia during less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) : a randomized controlled trial]. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2020/08/027144 (first received 14 August 2020).
Dang 2013
    1. Dang D, Wang D, Zhang C, Zhou W, Zhou Q, Wu H. Comparison of oral paracetamol versus ibuprofen in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus: a randomized controlled trial. PloS One 2013;8(11):e77888. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077888] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dani 2000
    1. Dani C, Bertini G, Reali MF, Murru P, Fabris C, Vangi V, et al. Prophylaxis of patent ductus arteriosus with ibuprofen in preterm infants. Acta Paediatrica 2000;89(11):1369‐74. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dani 2005
    1. Dani C, Bertini G, Pezati M, Poggi C, Guerrini P, Martano C, et al. Prophylactic ibuprofen for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage among preterm infants: a multicenter, randomized study. Pediatrics 2005;115(6):1529‐35. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004‐1178] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Dani 2021
    1. Dani C, Lista G, Bianchi S, Mosca F, Schena F, Ramenghi L, et al. Intravenous paracetamol in comparison with ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Pediatrics 2021;180(3):807-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03780-8] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dash 2015
    1. Dash SK, Kabra NS, Avasthi BS, Sharma SR, Padhi P, Ahmed J. Enteral paracetamol or intravenous indomethacin for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics 2015;52(7):573-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-015-0677-z] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Davidson 2021
    1. Davidson JM, Ferguson J, Ivey E, Philip R, Weems MF, Talati AJ. A randomized trial of intravenous acetaminophen versus indomethacin for treatment of hemodynamically significant PDAs in VLBW infants. Journal of Perinatology 2021;41(1):93-9. [DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-0694-1] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
De Carolis 2000
    1. De Carolis MP, Romagnoli C, Polimeni V, Piersigilli F, Zecca E, Papacci P, et al. Prophylactic ibuprofen therapy of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. European Journal of Pediatrics 2000;159(5):364‐8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Di Renzo 2005
    1. Di Renzo GC, Mignosa M, Gerli S, Burnelli L, Luzi G, Clerici G, et al. The combined maternal administration of magnesium sulfate and aminophylline reduces intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm neonates. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;192(2):433-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Donn 1981
    1. Donn SM, Roloff DW, Goldstein GW. Prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants by phenobarbitone. Lancet 1981;2(8240):215-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dyke 1995
    1. Dyke MP, Kohan R, Evans S. Morphine increases synchronous ventilation in preterm infants. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 1995;31(3):176-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
e Silva 2008
    1. e Silva YP, Gomez RS, Marcatto Jde O, Maximo TA, Barbosa RF, e Silva AC. Early awakening and extubation with remifentanil in ventilated premature neonates. Paediatric Anaesthesia 2008;18(2):176-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02378.x] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
El‐Farrash 2019
    1. El-Farrash RA, El Shimy MS, El-Sakka AS, Ahmed MG, Abdel-Moez DG. Efficacy and safety of oral paracetamol versus oral ibuprofen for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2019;32(21):3647-54. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1470235] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
El‐Mashad 2017
    1. El-Mashad AE, El-Mahdy H, El Amrousy DE, Elgendy M. Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of paracetamol, ibuprofen, and indomethacin in closure of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates. European Journal of Pediatrics 2017;176(2):233-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2830-7] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
EXPRESS 2009
    1. Fellman V, Hellström-Westas L, Norman M, Westgren M, Källén K, Lagercrantz H, et al, EXPRESS Group. One-year survival of extremely preterm infants after active perinatal care in Sweden. JAMA 2009;301(21):2225-33. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Fitzgerald 1986
    1. Fitzgerald M, Koltzenburg M. The functional development of descending inhibitory pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the newborn rat spinal cord. Brain Research 1986;389(1-2):261-70. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Fukumizu 1995
    1. Fukumizu M, Takashima S, Becker LE. Neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus: neuropathologic and immunohistochemical studies. Pediatric Neurology 1995;13(3):230–4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ghaderian 2019a
    1. Ghaderian M, Barekatain B, Dardashty AB. Comparison of oral acetaminophen with oral ibuprofen on closure of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2019;24:96. [DOI: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_197_19] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ghaderian 2019b
    1. Ghaderian M, Armanian AM, Sabri MR, Montaseri M. Low-dose intravenous acetaminophen versus oral ibuprofen for the closure of patent ductus arteriosus in premature neonates. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2019;24:13. [DOI: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_631_17] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Golden 2001
    1. Golden S. Combination propofol-ketamine anaesthesia in sick neonates. Pediatric Anesthesia 2001;11(1):119-22. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Golianu 2007
    1. Golianu B, Krane E, Seybold J, Almgren C, Anand KJ. Non-pharmacological techniques for pain management in neonates. Seminars in Perinatology 2007;31(5):318-22. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2007.07.007] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Gournay 2004
    1. Gournay V, Roze JC, Daoud P, Cambonie G, Hascoet JM, Chamboux C, et al. Prophylactic ibuprofen versus placebo in very premature infants: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet 2004;36(9449):1939‐44. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(04)17476‐X] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Graça 2013
    1. Graça AM, Geraldo AF, Cardoso K, Cowan FM. Preterm cerebellum at term age: ultrasound measurements are not different from infants born at term. Pediatric Research 2013;74(6):698-704. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Greenough 1983
    1. Greenough A, Morley C, Davis J. Interaction of spontaneous respiration with artificial ventilation in preterm babies. Journal of Pediatrics 1983;103(5):769-73. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gregoretti 2009
    1. Gregoretti C, Moglia B, Pelosi P, Navalesi P. Clonidine in perioperative medicine and intensive care unit: more than an anti-hypertensive drug. Current Drug Targets 2009;10(8):799–814. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Griffiths 1954
    1. Griffiths R. The abilities of babies: a study in mental measurement. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc, 1954.
Guinsburg 1998
    1. Guinsburg R, Kopelman BI, Anand KJ, Almeida MF, Peres Cde A, Miyoshi MH. Physiological, hormonal, and behavioral responses to a single fentanyl dose in intubated and ventilated preterm neonates. Journal of Pediatrics 1998;132(6):954-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70390-7] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Guyatt 2011
    1. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, BrozekJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction - GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(4):383–94. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Haeseler 2008
    1. Haeseler G, Karst M, Foadi N, Gudehus S, Roeder A, Hecker H, et al. High-affinity blockade of voltage-operated skeletal muscle and neuronal sodium channels by halogenated propofol analogues. British Journal of Pharmacology 2008;155(2):265-75. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hamrick 2004
    1. Hamrick SE, Miller SP, Leonard C, Glidden DV, Goldstein R, Ramaswamy V, et al. Trends in severe brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcome in premature newborn infants: the role of cystic periventricular leukomalacia. Journal of Pediatrics 2004;145(5):593-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Higgins 2017
    1. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Sterne JA, editor(s). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JP, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). Cochrane, 2017. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v5.2.
Higgins 2021
    1. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook. - PMC - PubMed
Hochwald 2018
    1. Hochwald O, Mainzer G, Borenstein-Levin L, Jubran H, Dinur G, Zucker M, et al. Adding paracetamol to ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. American Journal of Perinatology 2018;35(13):1319-25. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1653946] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Horbar 2002
    1. Horbar JD, Badger GJ, Carpenter JH, Fanaroff AA, Kilpatrick S, LaCorte M, et al, Members of the Vermont Oxford Network. Trends in mortality and morbidity for very low birth weight infants, 1991-1999. Pediatrics 2002;110(1 Pt 1):143-51. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Horbar 2012
    1. Horbar JD, Carpenter JH, Badger GJ, Kenny MJ, Soll RF, Morrow KA, et al. Mortality and neonatal morbidity among infants 501 to 1500 grams from 2000 to 2009. Pediatrics 2012;129(6):1019-26. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Hoy 2011
    1. Hoy SM, Keating GM. Dexmedetomidine: a review of its use for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in an intensive care 114. setting and for procedural sedation. Drugs 2011;71(11):1481–501. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Härkin 2016
    1. Härkin P, Härmä A, Aikio O, Valkama M, Leskinen M, Saarela T, et al. Paracetamol accelerates closure of the ductus arteriosus after premature birth: a randomized trial. Journal of Pediatrics 2016;177:72-7.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.04.066] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Hünseler 2014
    1. Hünseler C, Balling G, Röhlig C, Blickheuser R, Trieschmann U, Lieser U, et al, Clonidine Study Group. Continuous infusion of clonidine in ventilated newborns and infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2014;15(6):511-22. [PMID: ] - PubMed
ICROP 1984
    1. International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. An international classification of retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics 1984;74(1):127-33. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Indredavik 2010
    1. Indredavik MS, Vik T, Evensen KA, Skranes J, Taraldsen G, Brubakk AM. Perinatal risk and psychiatric outcome in adolescents born preterm with very low birth weight or term small for gestational age. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2010;31(4):286-94. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ionides 1994
    1. Ionides SP, Weiss MG, Angelopoulos M, Myers TF, Handa RJ. Plasma beta-endorphin concentrations and analgesia-muscle relaxation in the newborn infant supported by mechanical ventilation. Journal of Pediatrics 1994;125(1):113-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(94)70136-9] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
IRCT2017082417413N26
    1. IRCT2017082417413N26. Comparing the effect of fentanyl and midazolam on the sedation of infants under mechanical ventilation: a randomized clinical trial. en.irct.ir/trial/16036 (first received 2016 July 1).
Ishii 2013
    1. Ishii N, Kono Y, Yonemoto N, Kusuda S, Fujimura M, Neonatal Research Network, Japan. Outcomes of infants born at 22 and 23 weeks' gestation. Pediatrics 2013;132(1):62-71. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Jacobs 2013
    1. Jacobs SE, Berg M, Hunt R, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Inder TE, Davis PG. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 1. Art. No: CD003311. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003311.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jacqz‐Aigrain 1994
    1. Jacqz-Aigrain E, Daoud P, Burtin P, Desplanques L, Beaufils F. Placebo-controlled trial of midazolam sedation in mechanically ventilated newborn babies. Lancet 1994;344(8923):646-50. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Jafari 2019
    1. Jafari N, Mahdian Jouibari R, Ebadi A, Kamali K, Abdolahzadeh S, Hosseini M. Comparison between the safety and efficacy of iv paracetamol (acetaminophen) and iv ibuprofen in treating premature neonates with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Journal of Iranian Medical Council 2019;2(4):66-73. [jimc.ir/article_96268_032a52ab47502ad6c9ff75d3c6e5b3eb.pdf]
Jiang 2012
    1. Jiang HH, Cheng R, Kan Q, Shen X, Li F, Fu CH, et al. Clinical evaluation of the effects of morphine in mechanical ventilation of neonates. Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese Journal of Pediatrics 2012;50(5):350-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Jones 2011
    1. Jones LJ, Craven PD, Attia J, Thakkinstian A, Wright I. Network meta-analysis of indomethacin versus ibuprofen versus placebo for PDA in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2011;96(1):F45-52. [DOI: 10.1136/adc.2009.168682] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Kabataş 2016
    1. Kabataş EU, Dursun A, Beken S, Dilli D, Zenciroğlu A, Okumuş N. Efficacy of single dose oral paracetamol in reducing pain during examination for retinopathy of prematurity: a blinded randomized controlled trial. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2016;83(1):22‐6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kalani 2016
    1. Kalani M, Shariat M, Khalesi N, Farahani Z, Ahmadi S. A comparison of early ibuprofen and indomethacin administration to prevent intraventricular hemorrhage among preterm infants. Acta Medica Iranica 2016;54(12):788‐92. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kanmaz 2013
    1. Kanmaz G, Erdeve O, Canpolat FE, Oğuz SS, Uras N, Altug N, et al. Serum ibuprofen levels of extremely preterm infants treated prophylactically with oral ibuprofen to prevent patent ductus arteriosus.. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2013;69(5):1075-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-012-1438-8] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Kluckow 2019
    1. Kluckow M, Carlisle H, Broom M, Woods P, Jeffery M, Desai D, et al. A pilot randomised blinded placebo-controlled trial of paracetamol for later treatment of a patent ductus arteriosus. Journal of Perinatology 2019;39(1):102-7. [DOI: 10.1038/s41372-018-0265-x] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Koeppen 2008
    1. Koeppen AH, Michael SC, Li D, Chen Z, Cusack MJ, Gibson WM, et al. The pathology of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathologica 2008;116(4):371–82. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Krasowski 2001
    1. Krasowski MD, Jenkins A, Flood P, Kung AY, Hopfinger AJ, Harrison NL. General anesthetic potencies of a series of propofol analogs correlate with potency for potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) current at the GABA(A) receptor but not with lipid solubility. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2001;297(1):338-51. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kuban 1986
    1. Kuban KC, Leviton A, Krishnamoorthy KS, Brown ER, Teele RL, Baglivo JA, et al. Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and phenobarbital. Pediatrics 1986;77(4):443-50. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kumar 2020
    1. Kumar A, Gosavi RS, Sundaram V, Oleti TP, Krishnan A, Kiran S, et al. Oral paracetamol vs oral ibuprofen in patent ductus arteriosus: a randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Journal of Pediatrics 2020;222:79-84.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.01.058] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Kutuk 2014
    1. Kutuk MS, Yikilmaz A, Ozgun MT, Dolanbay M, Canpolat M, Uludag S, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcome of fetal intracranial hemorrhage. Child's Nervous System : ChNS : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2014;30(3):411-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lago 1998
    1. Lago P, Benini F, Agosto C, Zacchello F. Randomised controlled trial of low dose fentanyl infusion in preterm infants with hyaline membrane disease. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 1998;79(3):F194-7. [DOI: 10.1136/fn.79.3.f194] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lago 1999
    1. Lago P, Benini F, Salvadori S, Bettiol T, Agosto C, Zacchello F. Effect of administering low-dose fentanyl infusion on respiratory dynamics in the premature ventilated for respiratory distress syndrome - a randomized double-blind trial. Pediatric Research 1999;45(7):308. [DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199904020-01835] - DOI
Laudenbach 2002
    1. Laudenbach V, Mantz J, Lagercrantz H, Desmonts JM, Evrard P, Gressens P. Effects of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists on perinatal excitotoxic brain injury: comparison of clonidine and dexmedetomidine. Anesthesiology 2002;96(1):134-41. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Liem 1999
    1. Liem KD, Der Velden AA, Klaessens JH, De Bor M. Changes of cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics in ventilated preterm infants after sedation with midazolam and morphine: preliminary report. Pediatric Research 1999;45(6):906. [DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199906000-00134] - DOI
Limperopoulos 2007
    1. Limperopoulos C, Bassan H, Gauvreau K, Robertson RL Jr, Sullivan NR, Benson CB, et al. Does cerebellar injury in premature infants contribute to the high prevalence of long-term cognitive, learning, and behavioral disability in survivors? Pediatrics 2007;120(3):584-93. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Luu 2009
    1. Luu TM, Ment LR, Schneider KC, Katz KH, Allan WC, Vohr BR. Lasting effects of preterm birth and neonatal brain hemorrhage at 12 years of age. Pediatrics 2009;123(3):1037-44. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Manjunatha 2009
    1. Manjunatha CM, Ibhanesebhor SE, Rennix C, Fisher H, Abara R. Pain control during retinopathy of prematurity screening: double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled study. Infant 2009;5(5):155‐8. [CENTRAL: CN-01344153]
Mantz 2011
    1. Mantz J, Josserand J, Hamada S. Dexmedetomidine: new insights. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28(1):3-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mas‐Munoz 1993
    1. Mas-Munoz RL, Udaeta-Mora E, Barrera-Reyes RH, Rivera-Rueda MA, Morales-Suarez M. The effect of phenobarbital on the severity of intraventricular hemorrhage [Efecto del fenobarbital sobre la gravedad de la hemorragia intraventricular]. Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México 1993;50(6):376-82. [PMID: ] - PubMed
McGoldrick 2020
    1. McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 12. Art. No: CD004454. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Meena 2020
    1. Meena V, Meena DS, Rathore PS, Chaudhary S, Soni JP. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of indomethacin, ibuprofen, and paracetamol in the closure of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates - a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Pediatric Cardiology 2020;13(2):130-5. [DOI: 10.4103/apc.APC_115_19] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ment 1985
    1. Ment LR, Stewart WB, Duncan CC. Beagle puppy model of intraventricular hemorrhage. Effect of superoxide dismutase on cerebral blood flow and prostaglandins. Journal of Neurosurgery 1985;62(4):563-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Messerschmidt 2005
    1. Messerschmidt A, Brugger PC, Boltshauser E, Zoder G, Sterniste W, Birnbacher R, et al. Disruption of cerebellar development: potential complication of extreme prematurity. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2005;26(7):1659–67. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Mitra 2018
    1. Mitra S, Florez ID, Tamayo ME, Mbuagbaw L, Vanniyasingam T, Veroniki AA, et al. Association of placebo, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen with closure of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2018;319(12):1221–38. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.1896] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Morgan 1982
    1. Morgan ME, Massey RF, Cooke RW. Does phenobarbitone prevent periventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight babies: a controlled trial. Pediatrics 1982;70(2):186-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Morita 2015
    1. Morita T, Morimoto M, Yamada K, Hasegawa T, Morioka S, Kidowaki S, et al. Low-grade intraventricular hemorrhage disrupts cerebellar white matter in preterm infants: evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroradiology 2015;57(5):507-14. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mullaart 1994
    1. Mullaart RA, Hopman JC, Rotteveel JJ, Daniels O, Stoelinga GB, De Haan AF. Cerebral blood flow fluctuation in neonatal respiratory distress and periventricular haemorrhage. Early Human Development 1994;37(3):179-85. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Naderi 2017
    1. Naderi S, Goodarzi R, Naziri GR, Mohammad AM, Kheiltash A, Shafaeizadeh A. Effect of fentanyl and morphine on gallbladder dimensions in newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics 2017;27(1):e5726. [DOI: 10.5812/ijp.5726] - DOI
Nakamura 1990
    1. Nakamura Y, Okudera T, Fukuda S, Hashimoto T. Germinal matrix hemorrhage of venous origin in preterm neonates. Human Pathology 1990;21(10):1059-62. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Nosarti 2007
    1. Nosarti C, Giouroukou E, Micali N, Rifkin L, Morris RG, Murray RM. Impaired executive functioning in young adults born very preterm. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS 2007;13(4):571-81. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Oboodi 2020
    1. Oboodi R, Najib KS, Amoozgar H, Pourarian S, Moghtaderi M, Mehdizadegan N, et al. Positive tendency toward synchronous use of acetaminophen and ibuprofen in treating patients with patent ductus arteriosus. Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Arşivi 2020;48(6):605-12. [DOI: 10.5543/tkda.2020.03902] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Oncel 2017
    1. Oncel MY, Eras Z, Uras N, Canpolat FC, Erdeve O, Oguz SS. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants treated with oral paracetamol versus ibuprofen for patent ductus arteriosus. American Journal of Perinatology 2017;34(12):1185–9. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1601564] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Orsini 1996
    1. Orsini AJ, Leef KH, Costarino A, Dettorre MD, Stefano JL. Routine use of fentanyl infusions for pain and stress reduction in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics 1996;129(1):140-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Pape 1979
    1. Pape KE, Wigglesworth JS. Haemorrhage, ischaemia and the perinatal brain. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1979.
Papile 1978
    1. Papile LA, Burstein J, Burstein R, Koffler H. Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm. Journal of Pediatrics 1978;92(4):529-34. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Paris 2006
    1. Paris A, Mantz J, Tonner PH, Hein L, Brede M, Gressens P. The effects of dexmedetomidine on perinatal excitotoxic brain injury are mediated by the alpha2A-adrenoceptor subtype. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2006;102(2):456-61. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Parodi 2015
    1. Parodi A, Morana G, Severino MS, Malova M, Natalizia AR, Sannia A, et al. Low-grade intraventricular hemorrhage: is ultrasound good enough? Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2015;28(1):2261-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Perlman 1983
    1. Perlman JM, McMenamin JB, Volpe JJ. Fluctuating cerebral blood-flow velocity in respiratory-distress syndrome. Relation to the development of intraventricular hemorrhage. New England Journal of Medicine 1983;309(4):204-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Perlman 1985
    1. Perlman JM, Goodman S, Kreusser KL, Volpe JJ. Reduction in intraventricular hemorrhage by elimination of fluctuating cerebral blood-flow velocity in preterminfants with respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 1985;312(21):1353-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Perlman 1988
    1. Perlman J, Thach B. Respiratory origin of fluctuations in arterial blood pressure in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1988;81(3):399-403. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Philip 1989
    1. Philip AG, Allan WC, Tito AM, Wheeler LR. Intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants: declining incidence in the 1980s. Pediatrics 1989;84(5):797-801. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Pichot 2012
    1. Pichot C, Ghignone M, Quintin L. Dexmedetomidine and clonidine: from second-to-first-line sedative agents in the critical care setting? Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 2012;27(4):219-37. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Porter 1985
    1. Porter FL, Marshall RE, Moore JA, Miller RH. Effect of phenobarbital on motor activity and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants with respiratory disease weighing less than 1500 grams. American Journal of Perinatology 1985;2(2):63-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Qiu 2019
    1. Qiu J, Zhao L, Yang Y, Zhang JH, Feng Y, Cheng R. Effects of fentanyl for pain control and neuroprotection in very preterm newborns on mechanical ventilation. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2019;32(22):3734-40. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1471593] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Quinn 1992
    1. Quinn MW, Otoo F, Rushforth JA, Dean HG, Puntis JW, Wild J, et al. Effect of morphine and pancuronium on the stress response in ventilated preterm infants. Early Human Development 1992;30(3):241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-3782(92)90073-p] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Quinn 1993
    1. Quinn MW, Wild J, Dean HG, Hartley R, Rushforth JA, Puntis JW, et al. Randomised double-blind controlled trial of effect of morphine on catecholamine concentrations in ventilated pre-term babies. Lancet 1993;342(8867):324-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Review Manager 2020 [Computer program]
    1. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.4. Copenhagen: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020.
Rigby‐Jones 2002
    1. Rigby-Jones AE, Nolan JA, Priston MJ, Wright PM, Sneyd JR, Wolf AR. Pharmacokinetics of propofol infusions in critically ill neonates, infants, and children in an intensive care unit. Anesthesiology 2002;97(6):1393-400. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Romantsik 2019
    1. Romantsik O, Bruschettini M, Ley D. Intraventricular Hemorrhage and White Matter Injury in Preclinical and Clinical Studies. NeoReviews 2019;20(11):e636-52. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ruth 1985
    1. Ruth V. Brain protection by phenobarbitone in very low birthweight (VLBW) prematures--a controlled trial. Klinische Pädiatrie 1985;197(2):170-1. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1033960] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Ruth 1988
    1. Ruth V, Virkola K, Paetau R, Raivio KO. Early high-dose phenobarbital treatment for prevention of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in very low birth weight infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1988;112(1):81-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Rutherford 2010
    1. Rutherford MA, Supramaniam V, Ederies A, Chew A, Bassi L, Groppo M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of white matter diseases of prematurity. Neuroradiology 2010;52(6):505-21. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Saarenmaa 1999
    1. Saarenmaa E, Huttunen P, Leppaluoto J, Meretoja O, Fellman V. Advantages of fentanyl over morphine in analgesia for ventilated newborn infants after birth: a randomized trial. Journal of Pediatrics 1999;134(2):144-50. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70407-5] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Sancak 2016
    1. Sancak S, Gursoy T, Imamoglu EY, Karatekin G, Ovali F. Effect of prematurity on cerebellar growth. Journal of Child Neurology 2016;31(2):138-44. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sancak 2017
    1. Sancak S, Gursoy T, Karatekin G, Ovali F. Effect of intraventricular hemorrhage on cerebellar growth in preterm infants. Cerebellum (London, England) 2017;16(1):89-94. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sangtawesin 2006
    1. Sangtawesin V, Sangtawesin C, Raksasinborisut C, Sathirakul K, Kanjanapattanakul W, Khorana M, et al. Oral ibuprofen prophylaxis for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus of prematurity. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2006;89(3):314‐20. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sangtawesin 2008
    1. Sangtawesin C, Sangtawesin V, Lertsutthiwong W, Kanjanapattanakul W, Khorana M, Ayudhaya JK. Prophylaxis of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus with oral ibuprofen in very low birth weight infants. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2008;91:S28‐34. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Schindler 2021
    1. Schindler T, Smyth J, Bolisetty S, Michalowski J, Mallitt KA, Singla A, et al. Early PARacetamol (EPAR) trial: a randomized controlled trial of early paracetamol to promote closure of the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Neonatology 2021;118(3):274-82. [DOI: 10.1159/000515415] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Schmidt 2010
    1. Schmidt B, Adelmann C, Stutzer H, Welzing L, Hunseler C, Kribs A, et al. Comparison of sufentanil versus fentanyl in ventilated term neonates. Klinische Padiatrie 2010;222(2):62-6. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1225348] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Schwab 2022
    1. Schwab AL, Mayer B, Bassler D, Hummler HD, Fuchs HW, Bryant MB. Cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants developing cerebral lesions. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2022;10:809248. [DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.809248] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Seifi 2013
    1. Seifi F, Peirovifar A, Gharehbaghi MM. Comparing the efficacy of oral sucrose and acetaminophen in pain relief for ophthalmologic screening of retinopathy of prematurity. American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine 2013;1(2):24‐7. [DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-2-2] - DOI
Shah 1998
    1. Shah V, Taddio A, Ohlsson A. Randomised controlled trial of paracetamol for heel prick pain in neonates. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 1998;79(3):F209‐11. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shahmirzadi 2021
    1. Shahmirzadi G, Nooripour S, Ziari A, Danaei N. Comparison of gastrointestinal complications of paracetamol and ibuprofen in the management of infants with patent ductus arteriosus: a randomized clinical trial study. International Journal of Preventive Medicine 2021;12:48. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shankaran 1982
    1. Shankaran S, Slovis TL, Bedard MP, Poland RL. Sonographic classification of intracranial hemorrhage. A prognostic indicator of mortality, morbidity, and short-term neurologic outcome. Journal of Pediatrics 1982;100(3):469-75. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(82)80462-9] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Shea 2007
    1. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2007;7:10. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shea 2017
    1. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2017;358:j4008. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sherlock 2005
    1. Sherlock RL, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. Neurodevelopmental sequelae of intraventricular haemorrhage at 8 years of age in a regional cohort of ELBW/ very preterm infants. Early Human Development 2005;81(11):909-16. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Siffel 2021
    1. Siffel C, Kistler KD, Sarda SP. Global incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage among extremely preterm infants: a systematic literature review. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2021;49(9):1017-26. [DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0331] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Simons 2003
    1. Simons SH, Dijk M, Lingen RA, Roofthooft D, Duivenvoorden HJ, Jongeneel N, et al. Routine morphine infusion in preterm newborns who received ventilatory support: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290(18):2419-27. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Siwiec 1999
    1. Siwiec J, Porzucek I, Gadzinowski J, Bhat R, Vidyasagar D. Effect of short term morphine infusion on premature infant pain profile (PIPP) and hemodynamics. Pediatric Research 1999;45(7):69. [DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199904020-00416] - DOI
Soul 2007
    1. Soul JS, Hammer PE, Tsuji M, Saul JP, Bassan H, Limperopoulos C, et al. Fluctuating pressure-passivity is common in the cerebral circulation of sick premature infants. Pediatric Research 2007;61(4):467-73. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Srinivasan 2006
    1. Srinivasan L, Allsop J, Counsell SJ, Boardman JP, Edwards AD, Rutherford M. Smaller cerebellar volumes in very preterm infants at term-equivalent age are associated with the presence of supratentorial lesions. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2006;27(3):573–9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Steen 1979
    1. Steen PA, Michenfelder JD. Barbiturate protection in tolerant and nontolerant hypoxic mice: comparison with hypothermic protection. Anesthesiology 1979;50(5):404-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Stefovska 2008
    1. Stefovska VG, Uckermann O, Czuczwar M, Smitka M, Czuczwar P, Kis J, et al. Sedative and anticonvulsant drugs suppress postnatal neurogenesis. Annals of Neurology 2008;64(4):434-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.21463] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Taddio 2009
    1. Taddio A, Shah V, Atenafu E, Katz J. Influence of repeated painful procedures and sucrose analgesia on the development of hyperalgesia in newborn infants. Pain 2009;144(1-2):43–8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.02.012] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Takashima 1978
    1. Takashima S, Tanaka K. Microangiography and vascular permeability of the subependymal matrix in the premature infant. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques] 1978;5(1):45-50. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Tam 2009
    1. Tam EW, Ferriero DM, Xu D, Berman JI, Vigneron DB, Barkovich AJ, et al. Cerebellar development in the preterm neonate: effect of supratentorial brain injury. Pediatric Research 2009;66(1):102–6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tam 2011
    1. Tam EW, Miller SP, Studholme C, Chau V, Glidden D, Poskitt KJ, et al. Differential effects of intraventricular hemorrhage and white matter injury on preterm cerebellar growth. Journal of Pediatrics 2011;158:366-71. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tauber 2020
    1. Tauber KA, King R, Colon M. Intravenous acetaminophen vs intravenous ibuprofen to close a patent ductus arteriosus closure: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Health Science Reports 2020;3(3):e183. [DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.183] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tinner 2013
    1. Tinner EM, Hoesli I, Jost K, Schöbi N, Ulrich Megged Y, Burkhardt T, et al. Rectal paracetamol in newborn infants after assisted vaginal delivery may increase pain response. Journal of Pediatrics 2013;162(1):62‐6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Tsuji 1998
    1. Tsuji M, duPlessis A, Taylor G, Crocker R, Volpe JJ. Near infrared spectroscopy detects cerebral ischemia during hypotension in piglets. Pediatric Research 1998;44(4):591-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Turner 2020
    1. Turner K, Carboni-Jiménez A, Benea C, Elder K, Levis B, Boruff J, et al. Reporting of drug trial funding sources and author financial conflicts of interest in Cochrane and non-Cochrane meta-analyses: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020;10(5):e035633. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035633] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Van Lingen 2001
    1. Van Lingen RA, Quak CM, Deinum HT, Van de Logt F, Van Eyck J, Okken A, et al. Effects of rectally administered paracetamol on infants delivered by vacuum extraction. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2001;94(1):73‐8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Van Overmeire 2004
    1. Van Overmeire B, Allegaert K, Casaer A, Debauche C, Decaluwe W, Jespers A, et al. Prophylactic ibuprofen in premature infants: a multicentre, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364(9449):1945‐9. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140‐6736(04)17477‐1] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Van Overwalle 2014
    1. Van Overwalle F, Baetens K, Mariën P, Vandekerckhove M. Social cognition and the cerebellum: a meta-analysis of over 350 fMRI studies. NeuroImage 2014;86:554-72. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Vergani 1996
    1. Vergani P, Strobelt N, Locatelli A, Paterlini G, Tagliabue P, Parravicini E, et al. Clinical significance of fetal intracranial hemorrhage. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996;175(3 Pt 1):536-43. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Volpe 2008
    1. Volpe JV. Neurology of the Newborn. 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2008.
Volpe 2009
    1. Volpe JJ. Cerebellum and the premature infant: rapidly developing, vulnerable, clinically important. Journal of Child Neurology 2009;24(9):1085–104. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Welzing 2010
    1. Welzing L, Kribs A, Eifinger F, Huenseler C, Oberthuer A, Roth B. Propofol as an induction agent for endotracheal intubation can cause significant arterial hypotension in preterm neonates. Paediatric Anaesthesia 2011;20(7):605-11. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Welzing 2012
    1. Welzing L, Oberthuer A, Junghaenel S, Harnischmacher U, Stutzer H, Roth B. Remifentanil/midazolam versus fentanyl/midazolam for analgesia and sedation of mechanically ventilated neonates and young infants: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Medicine 2012;38(6):1017-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2532-1] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Whitaker 2011
    1. Whitaker AH, Feldman JF, Lorenz JM, McNicholas F, Fisher PW, Shen S, et al. Neonatal head ultrasound abnormalities in preterm infants and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 2011;68(7):742-52. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Whitelaw 1983
    1. Whitelaw A, Placzek M, Dubowitz L, Lary S, Levene M. Phenobarbitone for prevention of periventricular haemorrhage in very low birth-weight infants. A randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 1983;2(8360):1168-70. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Whitelaw 2001
    1. Whitelaw A. Intraventricular haemorrhage and posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus: pathogenesis, prevention and future interventions. Seminars in Neonatology 2001;6(2):135-46. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wilson‐Costello 2005
    1. Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Minich N, Fanaroff AA, Hack M. Improved survival rates with increased neurodevelopmental disability for extremely low birth weight infants in the 1990s. Pediatrics 2005;115(4):997-1003. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wimberley 1982
    1. Wimberley PD, Lou HC, Pedersen H, Hejl M, Lassen NA, Friis-Hansen B. Hypertensive peaks in the pathogenesis of intraventricular hemorrhage in the newborn. Abolition by phenobarbitone sedation. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1982;71(4):537-42. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wong 2008
    1. Wong FY, Leung TS, Austin T, Wilkinson M, Meek JH, Wyatt JS, et al. Impaired autoregulation in preterm infants identified by using spatially resolved spectroscopy. Pediatrics 2008;121(3):e604-11. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wood 1998
    1. Wood CM, Rushforth JA, Hartley R, Dean H, Wild J, Levene MI. Randomised double blind trial of morphine versus diamorphine for sedation of preterm neonates. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 1998;79(1):F34-9. [DOI: 10.1136/fn.79.1.f34] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2016
    1. Yang B, Gao X, Ren Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q. Oral paracetamol vs. oral ibuprofen in the treatment of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants: a randomized controlled trial. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2016;12(4):2531-6. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3676] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Young 2005
    1. Young C, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Qin YQ, Tenkova T, Wang H, Labruyere J, et al. Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain. British Journal of Pharmacology 2005;146(2):189-97. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706301] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Romantsik 2017b
    1. Romantsik O, Bruschettini M, Calevo MG, Banzi R, Ley D. Pharmacological pain and sedation interventions for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants on assisted ventilation ‐ an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 6. Art. No: CD012706. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012706] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources