Prodromes in demyelinating disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer's dementia

Abstract

A prodrome is an early set of symptoms, which indicates the onset of a disease; these symptoms are often non-specific. Prodromal phases are now recognized in multiple central nervous system diseases. The depth of understanding of the prodromal phase varies across diseases, being more nascent for multiple sclerosis for example, than for Parkinson disease or Alzheimer's disease. Key challenges when identifying the prodromal phase of a disease include the lack of specificity of prodromal symptoms, and consequent need for accessible and informative biomarkers. Further, heterogeneity of the prodromal phase may be influenced by age, sex, genetics and other poorly understood factors. Nonetheless, recognition that an individual is in the prodromal phase of disease offers the opportunity for earlier diagnosis and with it the opportunity for earlier intervention.

Keywords: Alzheimer disease; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Multiple sclerosis; Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; Parkinson disease; Prodrome.