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. 2023 Aug 4;12(15):2951.
doi: 10.3390/foods12152951.

Multivariate Profiling of Metabolites and Volatile Organic Compounds in Citrus depressa Hayata Fruits from Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan

Yonathan Asikin  1   2 , Yoshio Tamura  3 , Yusuke Aono  4 , Miyako Kusano  5   6   7 , Hiroshi Shiba  5   6 , Masashi Yamamoto  2   8 , Fumimasa Mitsube  9 , Shu-Yen Lin  10 , Kensaku Takara  1   2 , Koji Wada  1   2
Affiliations

Multivariate Profiling of Metabolites and Volatile Organic Compounds in Citrus depressa Hayata Fruits from Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan

Yonathan Asikin et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Citrus depressa Hayata is a small-fruit citrus species; it is indigenous to Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan. The metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that affect the flavor of its fruits have not been investigated based on geographical origin. In the present study, we investigated the metabolite and VOC profiles of 18 C. depressa cultivation lines from these regions. Multivariate analysis revealed differences in the metabolites of C. depressa based on its cultivation origins; variations in sugar, sugar alcohol, and amino acid contents were also observed. Fruits from Kagoshima and Okinawa had higher galactinol, trehalose, xylose, glucose, and sucrose intensities than fruits from Taiwan (log2-fold change; 2.65-3.44, 1.68-2.13, 1.37-2.01, 1.33-1.57, and 1.07-1.43, respectively), whereas the Taiwanese lines contained higher leucine, isoleucine, serine, and alanine. In contrast to the Taiwanese Nantou line, other cultivation lines had comparable total VOC contents, and the VOCs of all lines were dominated by limonene, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene. Accordingly, the highest VOC intensities were recorded in the Nantou line, which was followed by Shikunin sweet (Kagoshima) and Taoyuan (Taiwan) (log10 normalize concentration; 5.11, 3.08, and 3.01, respectively). Moreover, multivariate analysis plots elucidated the difference in the VOCs of Ishikunibu (Okinawa), Shikunin sweet, and Taoyuan and between those of most Kagoshima and Okinawa cultivation lines. These results suggest that both the cultivation line and origin influence the metabolites and VOCs of C. depressa, thus possibly affecting its flavor quality; the data provide a valuable insight for utilizing C. depressa of different cultivation lines and origins to produce foods and beverages.

Keywords: Citrus depressa; Shiikuwasha; metabolites; multivariate analysis; volatile organic compounds.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Maps of initial collection sites of Citrus depressa cultivation lines: (A) Taiwan; (B) Okinawa; and (C) Kagoshima. The maps are arranged from left to right according to their longitudinal locations (the maps were retrieved and modified from https://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=643, https://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=12237, and https://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=11493, respectively, assessed on 26 June 2023).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Physicochemical properties (TSSs: total soluble solids; TA: titratable acidity; TSS/TA, and pH) of Citrus depressa fruits from different cultivation lines and geographical regions.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Multivariate analysis plots of metabolites of Citrus depressa fruits: (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) scores; (B) PCA factor loadings; (C) Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) scores; and (D) OPLS-DA factor loadings.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Volcano plots of metabolites extracted from Citrus depressa fruits: (A) Comparison between fruits from Okinawa and Kagoshima regions; (B) Comparison between fruits from Okinawa and Taiwan regions; and (C) Comparison between fruits from Kagoshima and Taiwan regions.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Log10 normalized intensities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in Citrus depressa fruits: (A) All detected chromatographic peaks; and (B) Limonene, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Principal component analysis (PCA) plots of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) extracted from Citrus depressa fruits: (A) PC scores; and (B) Factor loadings.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Hierarchal clustering analysis (HCA) dendrogram according to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in Citrus depressa fruits.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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