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Review
. 2023 Jul 27;24(15):12054.
doi: 10.3390/ijms241512054.

Evolution of Vaccines Formulation to Tackle the Challenge of Anti-Microbial Resistant Pathogens

Francesco Tognetti  1 , Massimiliano Biagini  2 , Maxime Denis  2 , Francesco Berti  2 , Domenico Maione  2 , Daniela Stranges  2
Affiliations
Review

Evolution of Vaccines Formulation to Tackle the Challenge of Anti-Microbial Resistant Pathogens

Francesco Tognetti et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

The increasing diffusion of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across more and more bacterial species emphasizes the urgency of identifying innovative treatment strategies to counter its diffusion. Pathogen infection prevention is among the most effective strategies to prevent the spread of both disease and AMR. Since their discovery, vaccines have been the strongest prophylactic weapon against infectious diseases, with a multitude of different antigen types and formulative strategies developed over more than a century to protect populations from different pathogens. In this review, we review the main characteristics of vaccine formulations in use and under development against AMR pathogens, focusing on the importance of administering multiple antigens where possible, and the challenges associated with their development and production. The most relevant antigen classes and adjuvant systems are described, highlighting their mechanisms of action and presenting examples of their use in clinical trials against AMR. We also present an overview of the analytical and formulative strategies for multivalent vaccines, in which we discuss the complexities associated with mixing multiple components in a single formulation. This review emphasizes the importance of combining existing knowledge with advanced technologies within a Quality by Design development framework to efficiently develop vaccines against AMR pathogens.

Keywords: AMR; adjuvant; antigen; formulation; vaccine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of the vaccines platforms and adjuvants present in most of AMR vaccines formulations. (*) indicate the phosphorothioate bonds. Created with BioRender.com.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic representation of formulation buffer pH impact on protein structure and stability.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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