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. 2023 Jul 31;12(15):2823.
doi: 10.3390/plants12152823.

Evaluation of Total Isoflavones in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Sprouts Germinated under Precursors (p-Coumaric Acid and L-Phenylalanine) Supplementation

Jaya Arora  1 , Bhanupriya Kanthaliya  1 , Abhishek Joshi  1 , Mukesh Meena  2 , Supriya Meena  1 , Manzer H Siddiqui  3 , Saud Alamri  3 , Hari Prasad Devkota  4
Affiliations

Evaluation of Total Isoflavones in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Sprouts Germinated under Precursors (p-Coumaric Acid and L-Phenylalanine) Supplementation

Jaya Arora et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

Cicer arietinum L. (Bengal gram, chickpea) is one of the major pulse crops and an important part of traditional diets in Asia, Africa, and South America. The present study was conducted to determine the changes in total isoflavones during sprouting (0, 3, and 7 days) along with the effect of two precursor supplementations, p-coumaric acid (p-CA) and L-phenylalanine (Phe), in C. arietinum. It was observed that increasing sprouting time up to the seventh day resulted in ≈1282 mg 100 g-1 isoflavones, which is approximately eight times higher than chickpea seeds. The supplementation of Phe did not affect the total length of sprouts, whereas the supplementation of p-CA resulted in stunted sprouts. On the third day of supplementation with p-CA (250 mg L-1), the increase in the total phenolic content (TPC) (80%), daidzein (152%), and genistin (158%) contents were observed, and further extending the supplementation reduced the growth of sprouts. On the seventh day of supplementation with Phe (500 mg L-1), the increase in TPC by 43% and genistin content by 74% was observed compared with non-treated sprouts; however, the total isoflavones content was found to be 1212 mg 100 g-1. The increased TPC was positively correlated with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (r = 0.787) and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) (r = 0.676) activity. This study suggests that chickpea sprouts enriched in TPC and antioxidants can be produced by the appropriate quantity of precursor supplementation on a particular day. The results indicated major changes in the phytochemical content, especially daidzein and genistin. It was also concluded that the consumption of 100 g of seventh-day sprouts provided eight times higher amounts of isoflavones in comparison to chickpea seeds.

Keywords: antioxidant; chickpea; functional food; isoflavone; morphological growth; nutrients.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Fresh weight and (B) dry weight of C. arietinum sprouts of the control and different concentrations of p-coumaric acid. Data represented mean ± SD calculated from at least three replicates of each sample; means with different letters are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 according to Duncan’s multiple range tests (DMRT).
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Fresh weight and (B) dry weight of C. arietinum sprouts of the control and different concentrations of L-phenylalanine. Data represented mean ± SD calculated from at least three replicates of each sample; means with different letters are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 according to Duncan’s multiple range tests (DMRT).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cicer arietinum sprout at the 7th day. (A) p-coumaric acid, (B) L-phenylalanine, (a) control, (b) 250 mg L−1, (c) 500 mg L−1, (d) 1000 mg L−1, respectively.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Correlation curve between (A) antioxidant activity of TPC and DPPH method, (B) antioxidant activity of TPC and FRAP assay method, and (C) FRAP and DPPH assay.
Figure 5
Figure 5
HPLC chromatogram showing the manifestation of isoflavonoid contents in C. arietinum sprout. (A) third-day control, (B) third-day treated with p-coumaric acid (250 mg L−1), (C) seventh-day control, (D) seventh-day treated with L-phenylalanine (250 mg L−1).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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