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. 2023 Jul 29;9(8):e18688.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18688. eCollection 2023 Aug.

Metabolomic approach for phytochemical assessment of Murraya koenigii fruits during different maturity stages

Manoj S Aroor  1 , Vikas Dadwal  1   2 , Robin Joshi  3 , Mahesh Gupta  1   2
Affiliations

Metabolomic approach for phytochemical assessment of Murraya koenigii fruits during different maturity stages

Manoj S Aroor et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

A detailed metabolomic study was performed on various maturation stages of Murraya koenigii fruit pulps, seed, and leaf. Among the fruit pulps, stage 6 had the highest TPC (13.27 mg/g of GAE) and TFC content (6.16 mg/g RE). The extracts also showed promising free radical scavenging activity, especially in the seed (IC50DPPH 427 μg/mL). Metabolomics study revealed the identification of 133 metabolites in fruit pulps, seeds and leaves using the METLIN database. In silico PASS software analysis predicted the antimutagenic property of myricetin and bismurrayaquinone A. Pathway analysis revealed the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway as one of the major pathways present in the fruit pulps. This detailed metabolic report of M. koenigii fruit maturation report brings a new insight into phytochemicals and their distribution in seed, pulps and leaves along with nutritive values and can be considered for nutritive and therapeutic purposes.

Keywords: METLIN database; Maturation stages; Targeted and non-targeted metabolomics; UHPLC-QTOF-IMS.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
A. Different maturity stages of M. koenigii fruits B. In vitro antioxidant activity M. koenigii fruit pulps, seed and leaf C. TPC and TFC M. koenigii fruit pulps, seed and leaf D. Heatmaps of various metabolites found across all stages, leaf and seed of M. koenigii based on up-regulation and down-regulation of metabolites. Red indicates the up-regulation of metabolites and blue indicates the down-regulation of metabolites E. Number of metabolites present in all pulp stages including leaf and seed F. Venn diagram representing common metabolites between all pulp stages G. Venn diagram representing common metabolites between leaf and seed.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
A-H. Indicates MS spectra of stage 1 to stage 6 pulp, leaf and seed respectively I. PCA score plots J. PLS-DA score plot K. sPLS-DA score plot L. VIP score projections M. VIP coefficient N. Pathway enrichment analysis of all the metabolites present in every stage of pulp including seed and leaf.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
A-H. Pathway analysis of stage 1 to stage 6 pulp, leaf and seed respectively I. Flavonoid biosynthesis J. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis K. Purine metabolism L. Flavone and flavonoid biosynthesis M. Mass fragmentation pattern.
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