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. 2023 Aug 17;13(1):13419.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40500-2.

Catalytic hydrocracking of jatropha oil over natural clay for bio-jet fuel production

S H Hassan  1 , N K Attia  2 , G I El Diwani  2 , Sh K Amin  2 , R S Ettouney  3 , M A El-Rifai  3
Affiliations

Catalytic hydrocracking of jatropha oil over natural clay for bio-jet fuel production

S H Hassan et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Currently, the conversion of biomass to produce high-valued biofuels such as biodiesel and bio-jet fuel has attached booming interests, when used for partial replacement of petroleum fuels in different ratios is a promising solution due to the problem of depleting petroleum reserves and environmental purposes. Non-edible Jatropha oil can be transformed to biofuel when subjected to were hydrocracking at hydrogen pressure using an activated natural clay as a catalyst in a high pressure batch reactor. The type of product and its quality and quantity depend on the process conditions such as reaction time, temperature, and catalyst type, form, and amount. The present work aims to study the hydrocracking process of Jatropha oil at different operating conditions. The catalyst is characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF, and XRD. The effect of process conditions variation have been studied and discussed. The results showed the highest yield of 40% bio-jet fuel was achieved at a temperature of 350 °C, H2 pressure of 4 bar, and reaction time of 18 min. the bio-jet fuel products were tested and their specifications were conformed to ASTM D1655 specifications, viz the freezing point (-56 °C), the flash point (53 °C), and existent gum content (5.9 mg/100 ml).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
XRD pattern of raw (B) and modified catalyst (MB).
Figure 2
Figure 2
FTIR pattern of B and MB.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Adsorption–desorption isotherm of B and MB.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Flow sheet of bio-jet fuel production steps at optimum conditions (350 °C, 18 min, 4 H2 bar, and 4% MB).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Produced bio-jet fuel at optimum reaction condition after fractional distillation (170–270 °C).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Catalyst to oil ratio effect on yield of bio-jet fuel production.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Time effect on yield of bio-jet fuel production.
Figure 8
Figure 8
GC Mass % of different hydrocarbons in carbon length C8–C16 of bio-jet fuel.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Thrust test results for 5% blend of bio-jet and jet A-1.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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